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We summarize the discovery of the synthases, major regulatory traits, and the impact of glucan synthesis deficiencies on the fungal organisms. Despite all efforts, many aspects of glucan synthesis remain yet unresolved, keeping research directed toward cell wall biogenesis an exciting and continuously challenging topic.The phonological Stroop task, in which the participant names the color of written distractors, is being used increasingly to study the phonological encoding process in speech production. A brief review of experimental paradigms used to study the phonological encoding process indicated that currently it is not known whether the onset overlap benefit (faster color naming when the distractor shares the onset segment with the color name) in a phonological Stroop task is due to phonology or orthography. The present paper investigated this question using a picture variant of the phonological Stroop task. Participants named a small set of line drawings of animals (e.g., camel) with a pseudoword distractor printed on it. Picture naming was facilitated when the distractor shared the onset segment with the picture name regardless of orthographic overlap (CUST-camel = KUST-camel  less then  NUST-camel). We conclude that the picture variant of the phonological Stroop task is a useful tool to study the phonological encoding process, free of orthographic influence.In the present study, radiation shielding properties of two glassy composite materials that are widely used in electronics, photovoltaic applications, and sensor technology, were investigated in the photon energy range from 15 keV to 15 MeV. The materials chosen were (ITO)/V2O5/B2O3 and ZnO/V2O5/B2O3 including various concentrations of B2O3. Radiation interaction was simulated and shielding parameters calculated by means of the MCNP and BXCOM codes. More specifically, buildup factors, effective electron density ([Formula see text]) and effective atomic number ([Formula see text]) were calculated with BXCOM, while mass attenuation coefficients ([Formula see text]), half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) values were calculated with MCNP. The results were compared with those obtained with the WinXCOM code, for validation. Acceptable and preferable results were obtained for both composites as alternative to other glassy shielding materials. The composite including ITO showed better shielding properties than the composite including ZnO. In terms of radiation shielding, both composites turned out to be better than concrete and close to lead.Following electronic publication of the above-referenced manuscript, we discovered that one of the three criteria we proposed to establish command-following in the MCS+ syndrome was inadvertently omitted in some parts of the manuscript.Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common cause of persistent and disabling neurological symptoms. These symptoms are varied and include abnormal control of movement, episodes of altered awareness resembling epileptic seizures and abnormal sensation and are often comorbid with chronic pain, fatigue and cognitive symptoms. There is increasing evidence for the role of neurologists in both the assessment and management of FND. The aim of this review is to discuss strategies for the management of FND by focusing on the diagnostic discussion and general principles, as well as specific treatment strategies for various FND symptoms, highlighting the role of the neurologist and proposing a structure for an interdisciplinary FND service.Seasonal variations in day length and light intensity can affect the circadian rhythm as well as some characteristics of temperature regulation. We investigated characteristics of autonomic (ATR), behavioural (BTR) and nocturnal (NTR) temperature regulation during spring and autumn. Eleven participants underwent experiments in both seasons. To assess ATR, participants performed a 30-min bout of submaximal upright exercise on a cycle ergometer, followed by 100 min of water immersion (28 °C). Avotaciclib Thresholds for the onset of shivering and sweating and vasomotor response were measured. BTR was assessed using a water-perfused suit, with participants regulating the water-perfused suit temperature (Twps) within a range, considered as thermally comfortable. The Twps changed in a saw-tooth manner from 10 to 50 °C; by depressing a switch, the direction of the Twps changed, and this limit defined the thermal comfort zone (TCZ) for each participant. A 24-h proximal (calf)-distal (toe) skin temperature gradient (∆Tc-t) was measured to assess NTR. Initiation of vasomotor tone, shivering and sweating was similar between trials. Width of the TCZ was 8.1 °C in spring and 8.6 °C in autumn (p = 0.1), with similar upper and lower regulated temperatures. ∆Tc-t exhibited a typical circadian rhythm with no difference between seasons. Minor changes in skin temperature and oxygen consumption (p ˂ 0.05) between the seasons may indicate a degree of seasonal adaptation over the course of winter and summer, which persisted in spring and autumn. Other factors, such as country, race, sex and age could however modify the outcome of the study.Expensive and time-consuming approaches of immunoelectron microscopy of biopsy tissues continues to serve as the gold-standard for diagnostic pathology. The recent development of the new approach of expansion microscopy (ExM) capable of fourfold lateral expansion of biological specimens for their morphological examination at approximately 70 nm lateral resolution using ordinary diffraction limited optical microscopy, is a major advancement in cellular imaging. Here we report (1) an optimized fixation protocol for retention of cellular morphology while obtaining optimal expansion, (2) an ExM procedure for up to eightfold lateral and over 500-fold volumetric expansion, (3) demonstrate that ExM is anisotropic or differential between tissues, cellular organelles and domains within organelles themselves, and (4) apply image analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches to precisely assess differentially expanded cellular structures. We refer to this enhanced ExM approach combined with ML as differential expansion microscopy (DiExM), applicable to profiling biological specimens at the nanometer scale. DiExM holds great promise for the precise, rapid and inexpensive diagnosis of disease from pathological specimen slides.PURPOSE The primary objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT for detecting renal oncocytoma versus (1) all other renal lesions and (2) chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChrRCC) alone. METHODS A systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and the Gray Literature was performed. Original articles with > 5 patients evaluating oncocytomas versus other renal lesions with SPECT/CT using a pathological reference standard were included. Patient, clinical, imaging, and performance parameters were independently acquired by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed using a bivariate mixed-effects regression model. RESULTS Four articles with a total of 117 renal lesions were included in analysis. The pooled and weighted sensitivity and specificity values of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT for detecting (1) renal oncocytoma versus other renal lesions were 92% (95% CI 72-98%) and 88% (95% CI 79-94%), respectively, and (2) 89% and 67%, respectively, for renal oncocytoma versus ChrRCC. The specificity for the detecting the oncocytoma-ChrRCC spectrum was 96% (95% CI 84-99%). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting benign versus malignant renal lesions were 86% (95% CI 66-95%) and 90% (95% CI 80-95%), and 88% and 95% when HOCTs were characterized as benign. All reporting studies used a cut-off tumor-to-background renal parenchyma radiotracer uptake ratio of > 0.6 for positive studies. CONCLUSION 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT demonstrates a high sensitivity and specificity for characterizing benign and low-grade renal lesions. This test can help improve the diagnostic confidence for patients with indeterminate renal masses being considered for active surveillance.Endometriosis is a common entity causing chronic pain and infertility in women. The gold standard method for diagnosis is diagnostic laparoscopy, which is invasive and costly. MRI has shown promise in its ability to diagnose endometriosis and its efficacy for preoperative planning. The Society of Abdominal Radiology established a Disease-Focused Panel (DFP) to improve patient care for patients with endometriosis. In this article, the DFP performs a literature review and uses its own experience to provide technical recommendations on optimizing MRI Pelvis for the evaluation of endometriosis.BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths and is associated with various genetic mutations. BRAF mutations, found in approximately 10% of all CRCs, are associated with negative predictive outcomes. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between the imaging findings and BRAF statuses of CRC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population was colorectal cancer patients who underwent biopsy or surgery in a single institution from September 2004 to October 2018, and in whom the pathologic specimens were tested for BRAF mutation. The exclusion criteria were (1) patients without pre-operative cross-sectional imaging, and (2) patients whose tumors were invisible on imaging. Two hundred and eighty-three patients met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 128 were excluded, and a total of 155 patients were enrolled in the study. RESULTS BRAF mutations were significantly more common in female patients (p = 0.007). Patients with mutated BRAF were significantly older than those with wild-type BRAF (p = 0.001). BRAF-mutant tumors were predominant in right-sided colon (p = 0.001) with higher numbers of polypoid- or mass-like morphology (p = 0.019) and heterogeneous enhancement (p = 0.009). Compared to their wild-type counterparts, BRAF-mutated CRCs have a lower occurrence of non-peritoneal, and overall metastases (p = 0.013 and p = 0.004, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed three significant factors for the prediction of BRAF mutations in CRC patients right-sided location (p = 0.002), heterogeneous tumor enhancement (p = 0.039), and lack of non-peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.043). CONCLUSION By recognizing the specific imaging features of BRAF-mutant CRCs, it would be possible to identify a patient who has a higher risk of carrying BRAF mutation.OBJECTIVE To investigate if size measurements of liver observations is more variable in the arterial phase as suggested by LI-RADS and assess potential higher instability in categorization in this particular phase. Secondarily, to assess inter- and intra-reader agreement for size across phases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent multi-arterial phase MRI between 2017 and 2018 were retrospectively selected. Three radiologists measured liver observations in each phase, independently, in a random order. Mean size between early and late arterial phases (AP), 2, 3 and 10 min delay and the number of observations crossing the LI-RADS size thresholds (10 and 20 mm) per phase were compared using McNemar's test. Reader agreement was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and bootstrap-based comparisons. Bonferroni's correction was applied to pairwise comparisons. RESULTS 94 observations (LR-3, LR-4, LR-5, and LR-M) were included. Mean sizes (mm) were late AP 19.9 (95% CI 17.