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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a pig pathogen that causes substantial economic losses to the pig industry. Infection of host cells by PRV is mediated by the membrane proteins nectin1 and nectin2, which are presumed to be receptors for PRV infection. Here, we generated nectin1/2 knockout (KO) cells with the aim of establishing a PRV-resistant cell model. Nectin1 and 2 were ablated in PK15 cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting. PRV infection in either nectin1 or nectin2 KO cells showed a significant reduction in viral growth compared with wild-type (WT) cells. We further simultaneously deleted nectin1 and nectin2 in PK15 cells and found that double KO cells showed no further increase in resistance to PRV compared with single gene-KO cells, despite being more resistant than WT. By investigating the cell entry steps of PRV infection, we found that nectin1 or/and nectin2 KO did not greatly affect virus attachment or internalization to cells but blocked cell-to-cell spread. Our results demonstrate that KO of either nectin1 or nectin2 confers PRV resistance to PK15 cells. This strategy could be applied to establish PRV-resistant pigs with nectin1/2 modifications to benefit the pig industry.On several occasions over the past century it has been proposed that Latinized (Linnaean) binomial names (LBs) should be used for the formal names of virus species, and the opinions expressed in the early debates are still valid. The use of LBs would be sensible for the current Taxonomy if confined to the names of the specific and generic taxa of viruses of which some basic biological properties are known (e.g. ecology, hosts and virions); there is no advantage in filling the literature with formal names for partly described viruses or virus-like gene sequences. The ICTV should support the time-honoured convention that LBs are only used with biological (phylogenetic) classifications. Recent changes have left the ICTV Taxonomy and its Code uncoordinated, and its aims and audience uncertain.The species concept used in virology is based on the logic of the Linnaean hierarchy, which views a species class as the lowest abstract category that is included in all the higher categories in the classification, such as genera and families. As a result of this class inclusion, the members of a species class are always less numerous than the members of higher classes, which become more numerous as one moves up in the hierarchy. Selleck Thymidine Because species classes always have fewer members than any of the higher classes, logic requires that they need more qualifications for establishing membership than any of the higher classes. This invalidates the claim that a species could be defined by a single property present in all its members. Species were only accepted in virus classification in 1991, because virologists assumed that it would lead to the use of Latin species names, which they rejected. Anglicized binomial species names have been used by virologists for more the 40 years and are popular because they consist of a hosts and vectors remain in the vast majority of cases totally unknown. The absence of this information makes it in fact impossible to incorporate these metagenomic sequences in the current classification of virus species.

Current treatment of progressive early onset scoliosis involves growth-friendly instrumentation if conservative treatment fails. These implants guide growth by passive sliding or repeated lengthenings. None of these techniques provide dynamic correction after implantation. We developed the spring distraction system (SDS), by using one or multiple compressed springs positioned around a standard sliding rod, to provide active continuous distraction of the spine to stimulate growth and further correction. The purpose of this study was to determine feasibility and proof of concept of the SDS.

We developed a versatile, dynamic spring distraction system for patients who would benefit from active continuous distraction. This prospective case series evaluates four patients with exceptional and progressive congenital spine deformities.

Four patients had a mean age of 6.8years at surgery with a mean follow-up of 36months (range 25-45). The mean progressive thoracic lordosis, which was the reason for initiating surgical treatment in two patients, changed from 32° lordosis preoperatively to 1° kyphosis post-operatively. During follow-up, this further improved to 32° thoracic kyphosis. In the two other patients, with cervicothorcacic scoliosis, the main coronal curve improved from 79° pre-operatively to 56° post-operatively and further improved to 42°. The mean T1-S1 spine growth during follow-up for all patients was 1.3cm/year. There was one reoperation because of skin problems and no device-failures.

These early results show the feasibility and the proof of concept of spring-based distraction as a dynamic growth-enhancing system with the potential of further correction of the deformity after implantation.

These early results show the feasibility and the proof of concept of spring-based distraction as a dynamic growth-enhancing system with the potential of further correction of the deformity after implantation.

Surgical approaches to pathologies of the L5 vertebra constitute a significant challenge. Our aim was to review the efficacy and safety of the surgical approaches to L5 corpectomy and reconstruction across the range of presenting pathology.

This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, and databases were searched from 1970 to January 2020. The search inclusion criteria were L5 Corpectomy AND/OR Spondylectomy AND/OR Vertebrectomy. The outcome measures studied were length of surgery, blood loss, fusion or failure of fusion/instrumentation, complications and mortality.

Initial 36 articles were identified, and final 6 studies met our inclusion criteria. The mean reported blood loss was 2265ml (400-4700ml) and was higher for the two-stage posterior-anterior surgery group than the posterior-only surgery group (mean 3230 mls vs. 1260 mls) but not the operative time. All surgical approaches shared high fusion rates (94%) and relatively low complication rates (11.7%). However, surgical strategies incorporating an anterior approach were notable for vascular complications (4-7%), as well as perioperative mortality (9%) not seen in the posterior-only surgery group.