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Pelvic floor disorders are common in the postpartum period. These disorders can significantly affect one's quality of life during a period that is already filled with emotional and physiologic change. This review focuses on the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the 3 major pelvic floor disorders in postpartum women, namely, urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse.Pregnancy and the postpartum period are ideal times for health care providers to identify and address the contraceptive needs and desires of patients. In addition to the opportunity to promote healthy pregnancy spacing, individuals can also be cared for at a time when it is convenient, they have access to health care, and they are motivated to prevent repeat pregnancy. Patient-centered care using a shared medical decision-making framework can not only promote positive patient-provider interactions but also increase positive outcomes. Comprehensive provision of information on all methods and identification of contraceptive preferences can help patients select the best option.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) accompanies miscarriage, intrauterine fetal demise, and preterm birth. Levels of PTSD may be higher for women who experience acute, life-threatening events during labor and delivery. Severe maternal morbidities or near misses for maternal death disproportionately impact African American, Hispanic, American Indian, and women in rural communities. Expanding research demonstrates association between severe maternal morbidity or near-miss events and PTSD. Multiple preceding conditions and intrapartum and postpartum events place women at higher risk for PTSD. Postpartum evaluation provides an opportunity for PTSD screening. Untreated perinatal PTSD impacts long-term maternal and child health and contributes to health disparities.A systematic, effective stillbirth evaluation is important for identification of potential causes of fetal death. Knowledge of potential causes of fetal death facilitates emotional closure for patients and informs recurrence risk as well as future pregnancy management. The highest-yield components of a stillbirth evaluation for finding a cause of fetal death are fetal autopsy, placental pathology, and genetic testing. All patients should be offered these tests following a stillbirth. A clear plan for postpartum follow-up should be made with the patient in order to ensure ongoing support through the grief and recovery process.Cesarean delivery (CD) wound complications disrupt the time a mother spends with her newborn. Surgical site infections (SSI) may result in unplanned office visits, emergency room visits, and hospital readmissions. Despite increasing attention to preoperative preparation, the CD SSI rate remains high. Local practices must be evaluated, and new methods to reduce CD SSI must be used.Pregnant and postpartum women with opiate use disorder present a challenge in perinatal care. It is important for health care teams to provide sensitive and compassionate evidence-based care for these women, who often are stigmatized during the prenatal, delivery, and postpartum periods. Women with opiate use disorder are at risk for inadequate prenatal and postpartum care and for complications. Infants are at risk for neonatal abstinence syndrome and are expected to require neonatal intensive care. Pain management during labor and for cesarean delivery requires consultation and collaboration with providers who have expertise in management of addiction. Postpartum follow-up is essential.Perinatal care, including the management of mental health issues, often falls under the auspices of primary care providers. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common problem that affects up to 15% of women. selleck chemical Most women at risk can be identified before delivery based on psychiatric history, symptoms during pregnancy, and recent psychosocial stressors. Fortunately, there have been a variety of treatment studies using antidepressants, nonpharmacologic interactions, and most recently, allopregnanolone (Brexanolone) infusion that have shown benefits. The most commonly used screening scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, a 10-item self-rated scale, has been translated into a variety of languages.Rates of obesity continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality, requiring intervention. Excessive gestational weight gain is related to postpartum weight retention and subsequent development of obesity, which translates into higher risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in future pregnancies and long-term excess cardiovascular disease and cancer for the mothers. Limiting gestational weight gain to within recommended limits prevents postpartum weight retention. This article provides an overview of methods and practices aimed at helping women achieve a healthy weight between pregnancies by improving gestational weight gain. These interventions include lifestyle behavioral changes, diet and exercise, and motivational interviewing.Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common obstetric metabolic disorder. Long-term health consequences, including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease, are common with GDM. Postpartum glucose screening is recommended for women with a prior GDM pregnancy. Rates of postpartum screening compliance remain low. Interventions ranging from appointment reminder systems to personalized chronic disease education are being used, emphasizing future chronic disease risk for patients with a history of GDM. With these practice changes, clinicians can more thoroughly engage in the early identification, intervention, and prevention of chronic disease for women with a history of GDM.The health benefits of breastfeeding are well documented, and more than 80% of US women initiate breastfeeding; however, mothers in the United States face substantial challenges in meeting their personal breastfeeding goals, with approximately 60% weaning earlier than they had intended. In addition, there are significant racial/ethnic inequities in infant-feeding behaviors, and these inequities are a major public health concern. Enabling women to meet their breastfeeding goals is a public health priority. Infant feeding should be addressed as a modifiable health behavior, rather than a lifestyle choice.