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Compared to those of the control, the abundance and composition of symbiotic bacteria of A. click here gossypii for three successive generations (G0-G2) were changed after G0 A. gossypii was exposed to sulfoxaflor the diversity of the bacterial community was decreased, but the abundance of Buchnera was increased (G0), while the abundance of Arsenophonus was decreased. Contrary to G0, G1 and G2 cotton aphid exhibited an increased relative abundance of Arsenophonus in the sublethal treatment group.

Taken together, our results provide an insight into the interactions among pesticide resistance, aphids, and symbionts, which will eventually help to better manage the resurgence of A. gossypii. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Taken together, our results provide an insight into the interactions among pesticide resistance, aphids, and symbionts, which will eventually help to better manage the resurgence of A. gossypii. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.DNA polymerases are important enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair. Based on sequence homology, DNA polymerases have been grouped into distinct families, which are A, B, X, and Y. The Pol X family consists of four members Pol λ, μ, and β and terminal transferase or TdT. Members of the family X are involved in base excision repair, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), and V(D)J recombination. One of the most interesting pol X family members is DNA polymerase μ, discovered back in 2000. Subsequent studies established the importance of Pol μ as a repair polymerase in NHEJ and its interactions with the other proteins of the NHEJ machinery. Pol μ has a number of interesting properties, which sets it apart from the other known DNA polymerases, including its ability to synthesize DNA from an unpaired primer terminus as well in the complete absence of a template strand (terminal transferase activity). Another standout property of Pol μ is its reduced ability to discriminate between ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides and its ability to utilize both ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides as substrates during the gap-filling stage of NHEJ. In this review, we provide a brief overview of Pol μ in double-strand break repair and the current knowledge on its various functional aspects.

HBV genotype G (HBV/G) is mainly found in co-infections with other HBV genotypes and was identified as an independent risk factor for liver fibrosis. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of HBV/G co-infections in healthy European HBV carriers and to characterize the crosstalk of HBV/G with other genotypes.

A total of 560 European HBV carriers were tested via HBV/G-specific PCR for HBV/G co-infections. Quasispecies distribution was analysed via deep sequencing, and the clinical phenotype was characterized regarding qHBsAg-/HBV-DNA levels and frequent mutations. Replicative capacity and expression of HBsAg/core was studied in hepatoma cells co-expressing HBV/G with either HBV/A, HBV/D or HBV/E using bicistronic vectors.

Although no HBV/G co-infection was found by routine genotyping PCR, HBV/G was detected by specific PCR in 4%-8% of patients infected with either HBV/A or HBV/E but only infrequently in other genotypes. In contrast to HBV/E, HBV/G was found as the quasispecies major variant in co-infections with HBV/A. No differences in the clinical phenotype were observed for HBV/G co-infections. In vitro RNA and DNA levels were comparable among all genotypes, but expression and release of HBsAg was reduced in co-expression of HBV/G with HBV/E. In co-expression with HBV/A and HBV/E expression of HBV/G-specific core was enhanced while core expression from the corresponding genotype was markedly diminished.

HBV/G co-infections are common in European inactive carriers with HBV/A and HBV/E infection, but sufficient detection depends strongly on the assay. HBV/G regulated core expression might play a critical role for survival of HBV/G in co-infections.

HBV/G co-infections are common in European inactive carriers with HBV/A and HBV/E infection, but sufficient detection depends strongly on the assay. HBV/G regulated core expression might play a critical role for survival of HBV/G in co-infections.Dual-metal single-atom catalysts exhibit superior performance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), however, the synergistic catalytic mechanism is not deeply understood. Herein, we report a dual-metal single-atom catalyst consisted of Cu-N4 and Zn-N4 on the N-doped carbon support (Cu/Zn-NC). It exhibits high-efficiency ORR activity with an Eonset of 0.98 V and an E1/2 of 0.83 V, excellent stability (no degradation after 10 000 cycles), surpassing state-of-the-art Pt/C and great mass of Pt-free single atom catalysts. Operando XANES demonstrates that the Cu-N4 as active center experiences the change from atomic dispersion to cluster with the cooperation of Zn-N4 during ORR process, and then turns to single atom state again after reaction. DFT calculation further indicates that the adjustment effect of Zn on the d-orbital electron distribution of Cu could benefit to the stretch and cleavage of O-O on Cu active center, speeding up the process of rate determining step of OOH*.Cross-ethnic friendships offer a unique opportunity for improving intergroup relations and reduce prejudice, yet ethnic segregation of friendship networks is often seen as a major obstacle to the integration of immigrant students in educational contexts. This article examines the role of perspective-taking abilities and prejudice towards low social class peers on the probability of cross-ethnic friendships in a sample of 242 students from five multicultural classrooms in Chile (Mage = 12.3; SD = 0.69, 45% girls). It was expected that students who reported high levels of perspective-taking abilities and low levels of prejudice towards low social class peers were more likely to form and maintain cross-ethnic friendships. Longitudinal network analysis (RSiena) was used to examine these hypotheses, confirming the role of both variables in fostering (and reducing) friendships among Chilean and immigrant adolescents. Results are discussed in light of an intersectional framework between social class and ethnicity. Implications for social-emotional interventions in multicultural educational contexts are also discussed.

Treatment of fingers tissue loss is particularly challenging as it often necessitates advanced reconstructive techniques such as flaps or grafts, with esthetic and functional results that are not always as good as hoped for, with long healing times. Recently, along with tissue engineering development, numerous types of dermal substitute have been commercialized, with promising possibilities of treatment in finger tissue loss. In the author's unit, Matriderm

is the most commonly used dermal substitute. As described by the manufacturer, this scaffold is designed to be covered with a split-thickness skin graft. In using a two-step procedure, the authors realized that in most cases of fingertips injuries, at three weeks follow-up, the wound appeared in an advanced state of healing, which permitted to avoid grafting.

Between October 2017 and October 2018, 27 fingers have been included in this study. Patients have been divided in two groups those treated with Matriderm

alone (15 fingers) and those who had a skin graft three weeks after the first surgery (12 fingers). At the 6-month follow-up, authors evaluated the esthetic results with the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), the functional results with Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (qDASH) score, and sensibility by the mean of two-point discrimination test (2-PD).

All outcomes were overlapping in patients treated with or without skin graft mean VSS was 2.3, mean qDASH was 13.3, and mean 2-PD was 7.7mm.

The results obtained allow to consider Matriderm

, used also without skin graft coverage, as a valid solution for treatment of fingertip tissue loss.

The results obtained allow to consider Matriderm® , used also without skin graft coverage, as a valid solution for treatment of fingertip tissue loss.

Reliance on fungicides to manage disease creates selection pressure for the evolution of resistance in fungal and oomycete pathogens. Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are major pathogens of cereals and other crops and have been classified as low-risk for developing resistance to fungicides; no case of field failure of fungicides in a cereal rust disease has yet been recorded. Recently, the Asian soybean rust pathogen, Phakopsora pachyrhizi evolved resistance to several fungicide classes, prompting us to screen a large sample of the globally widespread wheat yellow rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), for mutations associated with fungicide resistance.

We evaluated 363 Pst isolates from Europe, the USA, Ethiopia, Chile, China and New Zealand for mutations in the target genes of demethylase inhibitor (DMI; Cyp51) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI; SdhB, SdhC and SdhD) fungicides. A high proportion of Pst isolates carrying a Y134F DMI resistance-associated substitution in the Cyp51 genor cereal rust species for development of resistance. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

To validate a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) and assess the dietary intake of Iranian adults.

This study was conducted among 113 healthy adults in Iran. We administered twelve 24-hour dietary recalls (24DRs) during a year as a reference method. The 165-item SFFQ was administered twice, along with the first and last 24DRs. To examine validity and reproducibility of SFFQ, the correlation coefficients (r) and de-attenuated correlation coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between 24DRs and SFFQ were calculated. The Bland-Altman method was used to assess agreement between the two methods.

De-attenuated correlations varied from 0.42 (polyunsaturated fatty acids) to 0.62 (energy) (all P < .001) for nutrients and from 0.48 (oils and fats) to 0.65 (sweets) for food groups (all P < .05). We found reasonable reproducibility of SFFQ for both nutrients and food groups. ICC (95%CI) varied from 0.47 (0.15-0.74) for saturated fatty acids to 0.64 (0.47-0.76) for energy and from 0.43 (0.15-0.62) for oils and fats to 0.58 for grains (0.31-0.69). According to the Bland-Altman plots, we observed an acceptable level of agreement between the two methods.

We found reasonable relative validity and acceptable reproducibility of SFFQ. This SFFQ can be used to classify individuals based on their dietary intake in our population.

We found reasonable relative validity and acceptable reproducibility of SFFQ. This SFFQ can be used to classify individuals based on their dietary intake in our population.In child and adolescent mental health care, the evidence base we have is for care in the community. The role of inpatient units is to support that care. Risk can be effectively managed in the context of acute psychotic illness. Some contribution can be made with suicidal adolescents, including sharing risk. Particular aspects of inpatient care can contribute to community care in many scenarios in terms of use of different sorts of assessment information, extended 24/7 contact enabling different opportunities for building rapport and shifting systems and stuck behaviour patterns. To support community teams effectively when such support is needed, inpatient units need to maintain empty beds. Self-determination Theory provides an evidence base showing that when people experience relatedness, autonomy and competence, they experience increased well-being, and intrinsic motivation can guide inpatient care. Interactions with patients and families, staff in the unit and community teams the unit is serving can be focussed to optimise experience of relatedness, autonomy and competence in all these groups.