Peterssunesen7539

Studies in cochlear implanted animals show that the IPG Effect for ECAP growth functions (i.e., the magnitude of the change in ECAP amplitude growth function (AGF) slope or peak amplitude when the interphase gap (IPG) is increased) can be used to estimate the densities of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) near the electrode stimulation and recording sites. In humans, the same ECAP IPG Effect measures correlate with speech recognition performance. The present study examined the efficacy of selecting electrode sites for stimulation based on the IPG Effect, in order to improve performance of CI users on speech recognition tasks. Lartesertib We measured the ECAP IPG Effect for peak amplitude in adult (>18 years old) CI users (N= 18 ears), and created experimental programs to stimulate electrodes with either the highest or lowest ECAP IPG Effect for peak amplitude. Subjects also listened to a program without any electrodes deactivated. In a subset of subject ears (11/18), we compared performance differences between the experimental programs to post-operative computerized tomography (CT) scans to examine underlying factors that might contribute to the efficacy of an electrode site-selection approach. For sentences-in-noise, average performance was better when subjects listened to the experimental program that stimulated electrodes with the highest rather than the lowest IPG Effect for ECAP peak amplitude. A similar pattern was noted for transmission and perception of consonant place cues in a consonant recognition task. However, on average, performance when listening to a program with higher IPG Effect values was equal to that when listening with all electrodes activated. Results also suggest that scalar location (scala tympani or vestibuli) should be considered when using an ECAP-based electrode site-selection procedure to optimize CI performance.

Leptin and adiponectin are adipokines which have been commonly implicated in carcinogenesis. As such, many studies have investigated the association of circulating leptin and adiponectin levels with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, the results remained inconsistent.

In this work, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to precisely examine the association between circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin and CRC risk. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases from inception until October 2020. The pooled effect size was then estimated by calculating the odds ratio (OR).

A total of 23 records (comprising 26 studies) were included in the meta-analysis. The overall analysis found that circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin were not significantly associated with CRC risk (P > 0.05). Interestingly, subgroup analysis revealed that a higher level of adiponectin was significantly associated with an increased CRC risk among overweight individuals (OR = 1.16; 95 % CI 1.02, 1.32), and a decreased CRC risk among normal weight individuals (OR = 0.76; 95 % CI 0.62, 0.92). Besides, a higher level of adiponectin was also significantly associated with a decreased risk of CRC in men (OR = 0.76; 95 % CI 0.59, 0.98).

In conclusion, circulating leptin level was not associated with CRC risk, but that of adiponectin was associated with CRC risk only in specific subgroups.

In conclusion, circulating leptin level was not associated with CRC risk, but that of adiponectin was associated with CRC risk only in specific subgroups.

There has been a significant increase in the use of mobile phones over the last three decades and a possible association with head cancers has been suggested, including cancers of the parotic and other salivary glands. We examined the incidence time trends of parotid and other salivary gland cancers in Australia to ascertain the influence of increased mobile phone use.

Analyses of incidence time trends were carried out using Poisson regression to estimate the annual percentage change (APC) in the incidence of salivary gland cancers of all available national registration data from 1982 to 2016, as well as specific time periods (1982-1993, 1994-2005, 2006-2016) representing changes in the prevalence of mobile phone use.

The incidence of parotid gland cancer was stable for the periods 1982-1993 and 1994-2005. During 2006-2016 there was a large decrease in parotid gland cancer for males (APC -3.71, 95 %CI -6.66 to -0.67) and a large increase in females (4.80, 1.77-7.91) for adults aged 20-59 years. The incidence for other salivary gland cancers was stable during all the periods.

The results do not indicate that mobile phone use increased the incidence of parotid or other salivary gland cancers. An increase in parotid gland cancer in females since 2006 may be attributed to other possible risk factors specific to this gender.

The results do not indicate that mobile phone use increased the incidence of parotid or other salivary gland cancers. An increase in parotid gland cancer in females since 2006 may be attributed to other possible risk factors specific to this gender.Despite overall declines in cigarette smoking prevalence in the United States (U.S.) in the past several decades, smoking rates remain highly variable across geographic areas. Past work suggests that smoking norms and exposure to other smokers in one's social environment may correlate with smoking risk and cessation, but little is known about how exposure to other smokers in one's community is causally linked to smoking behavior - in part due to endogeneity and inability to randomly assign individuals to different 'smoking environments.' The goal of this study was to evaluate how exposure to localities with high population-level smoking prevalence affects individual-level cigarette smoking behaviors, including quitting. The study addresses key limitations in the literature by leveraging a unique natural experiment the plausibly exogenous compulsory assignment of military personnel to installations. Logistic and multivariate regressions estimated cross-sectional associations between smoking/quitting behaviors and our proxy for social environments for smoking, county-level smoking prevalence (CSP). Across 563 U.S. counties, CSP ranged from 3.8 to 37.9%. Among the full sample, a 10 percentage point increase in CSP was associated with an 11% greater likelihood of smoking. In subgroup analyses, young adults, women, those without children in the household, and risk/sensation-seekers were more likely to smoke and less likely to quit when exposed to counties with higher CSP. Relocation to areas with high population-level smoking prevalence may increase likelihood of smoking and impede quitting, and may disparately affect some population subgroups. Findings provide novel evidence that community smoking environments affect adult smoking risk and underscore a need for sustained, targeted efforts to reduce smoking in areas where prevalence remains high.