Petersklemmensen0216

The crude polysaccharide was extracted from A. asphodeloides rhizomes and further purified to produce two fractions F1 (50.0%) and F2 (19.6%). The chemical constitutions of the polysaccharides were neutral sugars (51.4%-89.7%), uronic acids (1.0%-30.2%) and sulfate esters (3.4%-8.1%), with various ratios of monosaccharides including rhamnose (1.4%-6.1%), arabinose (7.1%-21.2%), xylose (0.2%-4.8%), mannose (39.9%-79.0%), glucose (6.0%-11.1%) and galactose (2.6%-22.0%). The molecular properties of the polysaccharides were investigated by the HPSEC-UV-MALLS-RI system, revealing the Mw 130.0 × 103-576.5 × 103 g/moL, Rg 87.6-382.6 nm and SVg 0.3-54.3 cm3/g. The polysaccharides stimulated RAW264.7 cells to produce considerable amounts of NO and up-regulate the expression of TNF-α, IL-1 and COX-2 genes. Polysaccharides exhibited the growth inhibitory effects on cancer cells lines of AGS, MKN-28 and MKN-45, in which F2 fraction exhibited prominent bioactivities. The AGS cells treated with F2 experienced condensed cytoplasm, shrinkage of nucleus and chromatin marginalization with the highest number of cells at early-stage apoptosis reaching 54.6%. The inhibitory effect of F2 polysaccharide on AGS cells was through MAPKs and STAT3 signaling pathways. The backbone of the F2 was mainly linked by (1 → 4)-linked mannopyranosyl and (1 → 3)-linked galactopyranosyl. Taken together, the polysaccharide from A. asphodeloides rhizomes could be utilized as medicinal, pharmacological and functional food ingredients.Porous starch (PS) was used as the core material carrier to adsorb fennel essential oil (FEO). Using sodium alginate (SA)-chitosan (CS) as the wall material and glutaraldehyde as the curing cross-linking agent, CS/SA/PS-FEO microcapsules were successfully prepared by polyelectrolyte complex coagulation method. The formation process, structural properties and release behavior of CS/SA/PS-FEO microcapsules were analyzed. The results showed that the essential oil was encapsulated in the form of micro-capsules according to infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. In open and closed systems, the 16-day cumulative release rate of FEO obtained was 70.62% and 43.87%, respectively indicating that the prepared CS/SA/PS-FEO microcapsules had a good sustained-release ability. The fennel essential oil micro-capsules exhibited good antibacterial and antioxidant activities, delayed the oxidation of fat and protein, reduced the total viable counts, total volatile-base nitrogen and methemoglobin. The textural property and status of water (analyzed by NMR) suggested that the quality of the meat can be maintained for an extended period by incorporating the CS/SA/PS-FEO microcapsules in the minced pork meat.Mushrooms are renewable natural gift for humankind, furnished with unique taste, flavor and medicinal properties. For the last few decades study of mushroom polysaccharides has become a matter of great interest to the researchers for their immunomodulating, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antitumor properties. Molecular mass, branching configuration, conformation of polysaccharides and chemical modification are the major factors influencing their biological activities. The mechanism of action of mushroom polysaccharides is to stimulate T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells, and macrophage dependent immune responses via binding to receptors like the toll-like receptor-2, dectin-1. The present review offers summarized and significant information about the structural and biological properties of mushroom polysaccharides, and their potential for development of therapeutic materials.The protein corona on nano drug carriers is an important well-known biological issue that often induce biological incompatibility and screens the targeting molecules on the surfaces of carriers, therefore, the design of NPs with good protein corona-free property is highly desired and challenged. The natural polysaccharide has been demonstrated as one types of stealth materials after the functional group modification process, but the types and structures of their chains has never been considered. Here, we have designed five types of core-shell starch-coated poly (methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles and we found the starch coated NPs with low amylose content ( less then 15%) could exhibit the excellent protein corona-free property without any modification and the starch with high amylose content coated NPs can also exhibit protein corona-free property after etherifying the surface of NPs to positive surface charge. Therefore, the combined impact of both low amylose content and positive surface charges by etherification modification of the starch can provide the excellent protein corona-free property for starch coated polymer NPs, that is very promising for highly efficient nano drug carries and marine coatings.Antivenom is the only effective therapy for treating any envenomation. Despite its obvious public health importance, the laborious process of procuring, distributing and controlling the quality of such immunobiologicals is being neglected. Brazil is fully self-sufficient in the production of antivenoms. Since the 1950s, Loxoscelism, a syndrome with an onset after a spider bite from specimens of the Loxosceles genus occurs, is considered a public health issue. The Brazilian history in developing antivenom therapy, its production hindrances, and other challenges are discussed in this paper, as well as some promising novelties that can improve production and processing of Loxosceles antivenom.Toad skin secretions are sources of complex mixtures of bioactive compounds, such as proteins and peptides. Rhinella jimi species is a common toad in the Brazilian northeast, considered by only a few known studies. The experimental design was applied to optimize the protein extraction method from R. jimi parotoid gland secretions. The optimum condition was using 100 mmol L-1 Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.2 under vortexing for 5 min. The FTIR analysis combined with PCA revealed high-protein purity of the extracts, confirming the success of the proposed extraction method. The total protein concentration by the Bradford method was 102.4 and 66.5 mg g-1 on toad poisons from Teresina and Picos, respectively. The comparative proteomic analysis using HPLC-SEC-DAD and 1D SDS-PAGE revealed significant differences in protein abundance. HMW biomolecules showed greater abundance in toads from Teresina, while LMW protein species were more abundant in toads from Picos. The significant difference in amphibian proteome can be attributed to the edaphoclimatic conditions of their habitat. The cytotoxicity of the protein extract from Teresina was higher on the tumor cell lines 4T1 and CT26.WT. These new findings are fundamental for future studies the on identity and biological activity of biomolecules from this noble sample.Clinical studies have shown that diabetes can present with underlying depression, and a combination of the two can lead to emotional, memory and cognitive disorders, closely associated with hippocampal neuroinflammation. However, the mechanism underlying the development of hippocampal neuroinflammation under the above condition remains elusive. The aims of this study were to explore the pathogenesis of diabetes combined with depression, and the effect of dexamethasone (Dex), a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist, on hippocampal neuroinflammation in diabetic rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Therefore, rats were intragastrically fed on a high-fat diet (10% cholesterol 10 ml/kg) for 14 days and thereafter injected with 38 mg/kg of streptozotocin on the 15th day to induce diabetes. Dex treatment of the diabetic and CUMS rats ameliorated the depression-associated behavior in the respective rats. Selleckchem Kynurenic acid Apart from enhanced depressive behavior, diabetes-depressed condition also up-regulated the expression of hippocampus microglia chemokine Ⅰ receptor (CX3CR1) and secretion of several pro-inflammatory factors, in particular, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF-α). Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed inflammatory damages in the hippocampus. Western blot analysis further revealed repression of GR proteins converse to the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) proteins, which were up-regulated. Intriguingly, Dex reversed the above events by inhibiting inflammatory reactions in the hippocampus. link2 Consequently, played an antidepressant effect in diabetic and CUMS model rats. link3 Overall, findings of this research suggest that the physiopathology of diabetes with stress cormobity are mediated by inflammatory reactions in the hippocampus. In particular, the responses are associated with regulation of GR/NF-κB signaling pathway.In the present investigation, we tested the hypothesis that suppression of the phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase (pERK1/2)-nuclear factor kappa (NFκ)-B signaling, subsequent to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibition, underlies thalidomide (TLM) mediated neuroprotection. Male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were divided into five groups (1) sham; (2) negative control receiving TLM (5μg/1μl/site) and 3 groups of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury rats pretreated with (3) vehicle (DMSO 100%); (4) TLM (5μg/1μl/site) or (5) PD98059 (0.16μg/1μl/site). IR rats were subjected to occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Drugs and/or vehicles were administered by unilateral intrahippocampal injection after removal of the carotid occlusion and at the beginning of the reperfusion period. IR rats exhibited significant infarct size, histopathological damage, memory impairment, motor incoordination and hyperactivity. Unilateral intra-hippocampal TLM ameliorated these behavioral deficits along with the following ex vivo hippocampal effects (i) abrogation of the IR-evoked elevations in hippocampal TNF-α, pERK1/2, NFκB, BDNF, iNOS contents and (ii) partial restoration of the reduced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and p-nNOS S852. These neurochemical effects, which were replicated by the pERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, likely underlie the reductions in c-Fos and caspase-3 levels as well as the anti-apoptotic effect of TLM in the IR model. These results suggest a crucial anti-inflammatory role for pERK1/2 inhibition in the salutary neuronal and behavioral effects of TLM in a model of brain IR injury.

EUS-guided needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (EUS-nCLE) can differentiate high-grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma (HGD-Ca) in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) but requires manual interpretation. We sought to derive predictive computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to facilitate accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of IPMNs.

A post hoc analysis of a single-center prospective study evaluating EUS-nCLE (2015-2019; INDEX study) was conducted using 15,027 video frames from 35 consecutive patients with histopathologically proven IPMNs (18 with HGD-Ca). We designed 2 CAD-convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms (1) a guided segmentation-based model (SBM), where the CNN-AI system was trained to detect and measure papillary epithelial thickness and darkness (indicative of cellular and nuclear stratification), and (2) a reasonably agnostic holistic-based model (HBM) where the CNN-AI system automatically extracted nCLE features for risk stratification.