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However, treatment with the PERK inhibitor GSK2606414, IRE1 inhibitor STF-083010 but not ATF6 inhibitor AEBSF reversed PEDV-induced autophagy. Taken together, the results of this study showed that accumulated ROS played an essential role in regulating ER stress-mediated autophagy during PEDV infection. We also found that PERK and IER1 pathways of UPR signalling were involved in PEDV-induced autophagy. Furthermore, PEDV induced autophagy to promote viral replication via PERK and IER1 pathways in Vero cells. These results provide the mechanism of PEDV-induced ROS-dependent ER stress-mediated autophagy in Vero cells through activating PERK and IRE1 pathways.

COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way to manage MS and NMOSD, not only concerning treatment, but also regarding social distance and the increasing use of telemedicine (TM) to minimize the risk of infection. Currently, there is no data regarding TM among MS and NMOSD South American experts.

To investigate TM experiences from South American MS and/or NMOSD experts in the follow-up of their patients focusing on TM.

A cross-sectional study was performed. 141 MS and/or NMOSD experts from Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Brazil were invited to answer an web-based survey.

A total of 129 (91.48 %) experts completed the survey. Only 19.4% had experience in TM previous COVID-19 pandemic, while 79.8% are currently using TM, most using video call (52.3%). Using TM, 44.1% of the experts were able to perform neurological examination, 85.6% believed to be able to identify a relapse, 48.6% use Patient Determined Disease Steps and 38.7% kept using the conventional Expanded Disability Status Scale.

Our survey demonstrates preparedness and responsiveness among South American MS and/or NMOSD experts. Despite scarce prior TM experience, most experts felt confident to use TM as a new tool for monitoring their patients.

Our survey demonstrates preparedness and responsiveness among South American MS and/or NMOSD experts. Despite scarce prior TM experience, most experts felt confident to use TM as a new tool for monitoring their patients.The growing global threat of antimicrobial resistance, combined with the slowed development of novel antibiotics, has resulted in a critical need for new antimicrobial therapies. Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can act as highly potent, broad-spectrum antibiotics which may be less likely to engender resistance in target organisms. Selleck NVP-TAE684 However, their susceptibility to proteolysis and lack of specificity necessitates the use of a drug delivery vehicle to both protect the AMP from chemical degradation and provide a platform for further functionalization, enabling the development of targeted delivery and release systems. In this study, we have used lipid-based inverse bicontinuous cubic phase nanoparticles (cubosomes) as delivery vehicles for six different antimicrobial peptides. The phase stability, morphology, and peptide loading efficiency of the nanoparticles were characterized and rationalized according to lipid composition, buffer conditions, as well as peptide charge and hydrophobicity. The AMP loading efficiency within cubosomes was increased significantly through simple manipulation of electrostatic charge. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for formulations with high loading efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacilus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Encapsulation within a lipid nanocarrier was shown to increase antimicrobial activity for some formulations. We anticipate that the further development of these peptide loaded cubosomes will enable the design of potent and targeted antibiotic therapies.Low-cost, highly active and earth-abundant bifunctional electrocatalyst is very important for the large-scale hydrogen production by water splitting. In the present work, we report a novel two-step method to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) porous catalyst for water splitting. The Ni3Se2 nanowires are in-situ formed on Ni foam (NF) by simple hydrothermal method, subsequently NiFe layered double hydroxid (NiFe-LDH) nanosheets vertically grow on the nanowires to form core-shell structure. The as-formed Ni3Se2@NiFe-LDH/NF catalyst shows 3D porous structure, which can provide large specific surface area and effective substance transfers. The tight bonding between Ni3Se2 nanowires and NiFe-LDH nanosheets ensures good electron transfer. The Ni3Se2@NiFe-LDH/NF catalyst exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic property for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline medium. The overpotentianls for HER and OER at the current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH are 68 mV and 222 mV, respectively. For overall water splitting, a small cell voltage of 1.55 V can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH. This work provides a guidance for the rational design and development of heterostructure electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.Pseudocapacitances combining ample redox reactions and relative rapid ion and charge transport have been extensively investigated in energy storage applications. Herein, we employ a simple two-step method to synthesize MnCo2O4 hollow spheres (MnCo2O4 HSs), and directly grow MnCo2O4 HSs on nickel foam (NF) to prepare MnCo2O4 HSs/NF. The three-dimensional (3D) macroporous structure of NF offers a perfect platform for the uniform growth of MnCo2O4 HSs and constructs interconnected charge transfer highways. The hollow structure of MnCo2O4 exposes abundant redox active sites for energy storage, increasing the utilization rate of electroactive materials. Benefiting from the 3D macroporous structure of NF and the hollow structure of MnCo2O4 HSs, the ion and charge transport is greatly improved. The resultant MnCo2O4 HSs/NF electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 648.4 F g-1 at 2 mV s-1 in sodium sulfate electrolyte. Furthermore, the MnCo2O4 HSs/NF//MnCo2O4 HSs/NF symmetrical supercapacitors are fabricated, which deliver a high energy density of 37.1 Wh kg-1 at 250.1 W kg-1 along with outstanding cycling stability.

The accretion of ice on component surfaces often causes severe impacts or accidents in modern industries. Applying icephobic surface is considered as an effective solution to minimise the hazards. However, the durability of the current icephobic surface and coatings for long-term service remains a great challenge. Therefore, it is indeed to develop new durable material structures with great icephobic performance.

A new design concept of combining robust porous metallic skeletons and icephobic filling was proposed. Nickel/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) two-phase layer was prepared using porous Ni foam skeletons impregnated with PDMS as filling material by a two-step method.

Good icephobicity and mechanical durability have been verified. Under external force, micro-cracks could easily initiate at the ice/solid interface due to the small surface cavities and the difference of local elastic modulus between the ice and PDMS, which would promote the ice fracture and thus lead to low ice adhesion strength. The surface morphology and icephobicity almost remain unchanged after water-sand erosion, showing greatly improved mechanical durability.