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Clinical studies indicate that sepsis induced diaphragm dysfunction is a major contributor to respiratory failure in mechanically ventilated patients. Currently there is no drug to treat this form of diaphragm weakness. Sepsis induced muscle dysfunction is thought to be triggered by excessive mitochondrial free radical generation, we therefore hypothesized that therapies which target mitochondrial free radical production may prevent sepsis induced diaphragm weakness. The present study determined if MitoTEMPOL, a mitochondrially targeted free radical scavenger, could reduce sepsis induced diaphragm dysfunction. Using an animal model of sepsis, we compared four groups of mice (a) sham operated controls, (b) animals with sepsis induced by cecal ligation puncture (CLP), (c) sham controls given MitoTEMPOL (10 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneally), and (d) CLP animals given MitoTEMPOL. At 48 hours after surgery, we measured diaphragm force generation, mitochondrial function, proteolytic enzyme activities, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) content. We also examined the effects of delayed administration of MitoTEMPOL (by 6 hours) on CLP induced diaphragm weakness. The effects of MitoTEMPOL on cytokine mediated alterations on muscle cell superoxide generation and cell size in vitro were also assessed. Mavoglurant GluR antagonist Sepsis markedly reduced diaphragm force generation. Both immediate and delayed MitoTEMPOL administration prevented sepsis induced diaphragm weakness. MitoTEMPOL reversed sepsis mediated reductions in mitochondrial function, activation of proteolytic pathways, and decreases in MHC content. Cytokines increased muscle cell superoxide generation and decreased cell size, effects which were ablated by MitoTEMPOL. MitoTEMPOL and other compounds that target mitochondrial free radical generation may be useful therapies for sepsis induced diaphragm weakness.In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), obesity is increasingly being reported among people living with HIV (PLHIV). In this study, we reviewed published literature on body mass index (BMI) changes among treatment-naïve adult PLHIV who started HAART and remained on treatment for at least six months. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline, four databases were searched, and results of included studies were synthesized to describe the BMI trend among PLHIV on treatment. The search generated 4948 studies, of which 30 were included in the qualitative synthesis and 18 were eligible for the meta-analysis. All the studies showed an increase in group BMI. HAART was associated with increase in BMI (pooled effect size [ES] = 1.58 kg/m2; 95% CI 1.36, 1.81). The heterogeneity among the 18 studies was high (I2 = 85%; p 1 year, respectively. We conclude that the greatest gain in BMI is in the initial 6-12 months on treatment, with minor gains in the second and subsequent years of treatment.The study objective was to classify women with newly diagnosed HIV into patterns of retention in care (≥2 HIV care visits ≥3 months apart) and viral suppression over time and identify factors associated with class membership. Florida HIV/AIDS surveillance data were used to conduct Latent Class Analysis to classify women into patterns, and multinomial regression was used to compare the prevalence of class membership by demographic and clinical factors. Four classes were selected based on model fit parameters (Class 1) consistently retained and suppressed (>90% probability of being retained and suppressed), (Class 2) not consistently retained or suppressed (≤10% probability of being retained and suppressed), (Class 3) increasingly retained and suppressed, and (Class 4) decreasingly retained and suppressed. The proportion of women in each class was 48.6%, 24.9%, 14.3%, and 12.2%, respectively. Women aged 25-34 compared to 35-49 years old, injection drug use mode of exposure, US born, and not linked to care three months post-diagnosis had a lower prevalence of belonging to the consistently retained and suppressed class. Findings may be useful in tailoring and targeting interventions to increase the prevalence of women who are consistently retained in care and virally suppressed.Objectives Pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder presenting with unusually abrupt onset of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or severe eating restrictions, with at least two concomitant cognitive, behavioral, or affective symptoms such as anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and irritability/depression. This study describes the clinical and laboratory variables of 39 children (13 female and 26 male) with a mean age at recruitment of 8.6 years (standard deviation 3.1). Methods Using a mathematical approach based on Artificial Neural Networks, the putative associations between PANS working criteria, as defined at the NIH in July 2010 (Swedo et al. 2012), were explored by the Auto Contractive Map (Auto-CM) system, a mapping method able to compute the multidimensional association of strength of each variable with all other variables in predefined dataset. Results The PANS symptoms were strictly linked to one another on the semantic connectivity map, shaping a central "diamond" encompassing anxiety, irritability/oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, behavioral regression, sensory motor abnormalities, school performance deterioration, sleep disturbances, and emotional lability/depression. The semantic connectivity map also showed the aggregation between PANS symptoms and laboratory and clinical variables. In particular, the emotional lability/depression resulted as a highly connected hub linked to autoimmune disease in pregnancy, allergic and atopic disorders, and low Natural Killer percentage. Also anxiety symptoms were shown to be strongly related with recurrent infectious disease remarking the possible role of infections as a risk factor for PANS. Conclusion Our data mining approach shows a very specific constellation of symptoms having strong links to laboratory and clinical variables consistent with PANS feature.