Munkholmterp3712

A number of experiments were conducted in the work, which made it possible to assess both the impact of individual measures to stop the pandemic and their comprehensive application. A method of comparing computer-time and dynamic parameters of the model with real data is proposed, which allowed assessing the effectiveness of the government in stopping the pandemic in the Chernivtsi region, Ukraine. A simulation of the pandemic spread in countries such as Slovakia, Turkey and Serbia was also conducted. The calculations showed the high-accuracy matching of the forecast model with real data.Several U.S. jurisdictions have adopted policies requiring healthy beverage defaults on children's menus, but it is unknown whether such policies or restrictions leads to fewer calories ordered. We recruited 479 caregivers of children for an online choice experiment and instructed participants to order dinner for their youngest child (2-6 years) from two restaurant menus. Participants were randomly assigned to one type of menu 1) standard beverages on children's menus (Control; n = 155); 2) healthy beverages on children's menus (water, milk, or 100% juice), with unhealthy beverages available as substitutions (Default; n = 162); or 3) healthy beverages on children's menus, with no unhealthy beverage substitutions (Restriction; n = 162). We used linear regression with bootstrapping to examine differences between conditions in calories ordered from beverages. Secondary outcomes included percent of participants ordering unhealthy beverages (full-calorie soda, diet soda, and/or sugar-sweetened fruit drinks) and calories from unhealthy beverages. Calories ordered from beverages did not differ across conditions at Chili's [Default 97.6 (SD = 69.8); p = 0.82; Restriction 102.7 (SD = 71.5); p = 0.99; Control 99.4 (SD = 72.7)] or McDonald's [Default 90.2 (SD = 89.1); p = 0.55; Restriction 89.0 (SD = 81.0); p = 0.94; Control 96.5 (SD = 95.2)]. There were no differences in the percent of orders or calories ordered from unhealthy beverages. Though Restriction participants ordered fewer calories from full-calorie soda [(3.0 (SD = 21.6)] relative to Control participants [13.4 (SD = 52.1); p = 0.04)] at Chili's, we observed no such difference between Default and Control participants, or across McDonald's conditions. Overall, there was no effect of healthy default beverages or restrictions in reducing total calories ordered from unhealthy beverages for children in our experiment.Although overall smoking prevalence in Minnesota has declined, the proportion of current smokers who smoke menthol cigarettes has increased. While studies have examined associations between smokers' perceived risks of smoking and quitting, similar studies on menthol smoking are lacking. This study examined whether perceived harm of menthol cigarettes was associated with menthol smokers' quitting behaviors. Data from the 2018 Minnesota Adult Tobacco Survey were examined. Respondents were categorized as current menthol smokers (n = 200), current nonmenthol smokers (n = 527), or nonsmokers (n = 5324). All were asked four questions to assess their perceptions of menthol cigarettes' harm compared to nonmenthols. Sum scores were calculated (range 0-4); higher scores indicated perceptions of similar or greater harm. Data on menthol smokers' quitting behaviors were analyzed to identify associations between sum scores and quitting behavior. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests and Spearman Rank Correlation tests. Additional analyses examined whether gender, age, race/ethnicity, education or income moderated the association between sum scores and past 12-month quit attempts. Menthol smokers were less likely to answer the harm perception questions correctly than nonmenthol smokers. Among menthol smokers, perceived harm of menthol cigarettes was positively associated with past 12-month quit attempts (p = 0.006), use of counseling/behavioral support (p = 0.012), and number of quit attempts (p = 0.004). No demographic characteristics moderated the association between sum scores and past 12-month quit attempts. Findings suggest that efforts to increase menthol smokers' perceptions of menthol cigarettes' harm may potentially increase quitting behaviors. Understanding this association can inform interventions to increase quit attempts.In December 2017, the Australian National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP) changed from 2-yearly cervical cytology to 5-yearly primary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, starting at age 25 and with an exit test when aged 70-74. Women showed limited awareness of these changes prior to their implementation. We explored women's preferences for how similar cancer screening changes could be communicated to the public in the future, including when, how, and using what methods. Six focus groups including 49 women aged 18-74 were conducted in November 2017. Focus groups were guided by information available on the NCSP website and information developed by the researchers. Generally, women suggested that communication of changes to cancer screening programs would ideally occur between 6 and 12 months ahead of their implementation and that they would like the opportunity to be involved in consultation about the changes. The NCSP website was described as answering basic questions, but also raising further questions for which there were no answers provided. Most groups preferred information which included evidence behind the changes and wanted an option of more information. Similar suggestions were made across all focus groups about how communications could be delivered, with recognition that the mode of delivery should differ by age. Women were still seeking information about the test itself and a symptom list, in order to be aware of these over the five-year period. These findings make an important and timely contribution which could help inform other countries considering making changes to their cancer screening programs in the future.To determine if geographical differences exist in practice of sun protective behaviors across the United States, we performed a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of data from the Health Information National Trends Survey 4 Cycle 3. Self-reported sun protective behaviors and demographic information were collected for individuals from nine regions across the United States in 2013. Diphenyleneiodonium mw Regions followed United States census divisions, including New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Study participants included 3,185 people from nine census regions. Sun protection was uncommonly practiced in the United States. The use of sunscreen in the West North Central region was the lowest sun protective practice. Long pants were more commonly worn in the West South Central and the Pacific. Sun protective behavior rates are low for all geographic locations across the United States. Future public health campaigns should place less emphasis on geographical influences of sun protective behaviors and focus more so on comprehensive, nationwide sun prevention campaigns.