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ts, morticians, and medical students. We inspire better provision of moral and ethical exercise with the good practice concerning the human body through recognizing the humanity and uniqueness of the deceased person. The results of this study serve as a serious condemnation of practices in Ethiopian anatomy facilities and we urge the Anatomical Society of Ethiopia to play its part in changing the present practices related to ethical and legal uncertainty of the human body usage.

While online education is by no means a new concept, it was recently thrust into the spotlight after school campuses all over the world were forced to close because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sudden need to shift revealed emerging challenges to online teaching, both logistic and personal. One important challenge is the ability to assess the readiness of educators for online teaching, so that appropriate and specific feedback/training can be offered to those in need. This study aims at developing, validating, and implementing a tool to measure the teachers' readiness for online teaching in three medical schools from three different countries.

This was a multi-center, cross-sectional study that involved developing a survey through review of literature and previous studies, item development and revision, and pilot testing. The survey was then distributed electronically to a convenient sample of 217 teaching faculty members of different academic ranks from three medical schools in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and The tool proved to be reliable and valid. Results indicated an overall acceptable readiness in the three involved schools, with a need for improvement in "Online Teaching and Course Design" and Using Learning Management Systems.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic disabling disease that affects the central nervous system. The main consequences of AD include the decline of cognitive functions and language disorders. One of the causes leading to AD is the decrease of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain, in part due to a higher activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for its degradation. Many acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), both natural and synthetic, have been developed and used through the years to counteract the progression of the disease. The first of such drugs approved for a therapeutic use was tacrine, that binds through a reversible bond to the enzyme. However, tacrine has since been withdrawn because of its adverse effects. Currently, donepezil and galantamine are very promising AChEIs with clinical benefits. Moreover, rivastigmine is considered a pseudo-irreversible compound with anti-AChE action, providing similar effects at the clinical level. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of what has been published over the last decade on the effectiveness of AChEIs in AD, analysing the most relevant issues under the clinical and methodological profiles and the consequent possible welfare effects for the whole world. Furthermore, novel drugs and possible therapeutic approaches are also discussed.

Patients who adhere to their DMTs have lower rate of MS-related relapses and disability.

We sought to determine the adherence rate to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and its impact on functional outcome(s) in veterans with multiple sclerosis (MS).

We reviewed the electronic records of 279 veterans with MS who were periodically followed in our MS clinic. We compared 3 groups of patients, defined according to their adherence to DMTs (non-adherent; poorly adherent; adherent) on their effect on disability progression and time to sustained EDSS score of 6.

There were 148 (53%) veterans with MS who were non-adherent to any DMT medication(s) while of the 131 (47%) veterans who were taking medications, 118 (42%) had a good- and 13 (5%) had poor-adherence. The mean age at MS onset was 36.6 (± 11.2) and mean duration of MS for the sample was 24 ± 13.5 years. The mean initial EDSS and TFIM scores were 4.09 ± 2.9 SD and 104 ± 25.7 for the study sample. The change in MMSE, TFIM scores, and time to sustained EDSS score of 6 significantly favored the good- compared to the non-adherence group (

< .01).

This study suggests that veterans with MS who adhered to their DMTs had less decline in their MS-related cognition, disease severity and disability compared to non- and poorly-adherent groups even after adjusting for age, gender, MS duration, and type. Time to EDSS score of 6 was significantly prolonged in the good-adherence group.

This study suggests that veterans with MS who adhered to their DMTs had less decline in their MS-related cognition, disease severity and disability compared to non- and poorly-adherent groups even after adjusting for age, gender, MS duration, and type. Time to EDSS score of 6 was significantly prolonged in the good-adherence group.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of lower respiratory tract infections in young children. Globally, there is huge disease burden, high treatment cost, and health impact beyond acute episodes due to RSV which necessitate development and implementation of preventive strategies for the control of RSV infection. The disease burden due to RSV in pediatric population across India is still not clearly understood so this literature review was therefore conducted to gather data on disease burden due to RSV in Indian pediatric population. Systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and Google search with different medical subject headings from 2007 to 2020. Studies performed in Indian pediatric population were selected for review. Literature review revealed that in India, epidemiology of RSV infection is well documented in young children (0-5 years) as compared to children from other age groups. The rates of RSV detection in various studies conducted in younger children (0-5 years) vary from 2.1% to 62.4% in India which is higher as compared to children from other age groups. In India, RSV mainly peaks around rainy to early winter season, that is, during months of June through October while smaller peak was noted during December, January, and February. In 2020, higher RSV-associated disease burden was reported among children ( less then 5 years) in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Considering significant disease burden due to RSV in young Indian children, availability of RSV vaccine would be crucial to prevent RSV infections in children and its spread in the community.

Although diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is useful for differential diagnosis between lung cancers and benign pulmonary nodules and masses (BPNMs), it is difficult to differentiate pulmonary abscesses from lung cancers because pulmonary abscesses show restricted diffusion. With this research we will present how to assess the total apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and inside/wall ADC ratio for these pulmonary nodules and masses (PNMs).

The pulmonary lesions were divided into next 3 groups. There were 40 lung cancers, 41 inflammatory benign PNMs (mycobacteria disease 13, pneumonia 12, pulmonary abscess 10, other 6) and 7 noninflammatory benign PNMs. Definitions were as follows wall ADC = ADC value in outer one-third of the lesion; inside ADC = ADC value in central two-thirds of the lesion inside/wall ADC ratio = ratio of inside ADC/wall ADC.

Mean total ADC (1.26 ± 0.32 × 10

mm

/s) of the lung cancers was remarkably lower than that (1.53 ± 0.53) of the BPNMs. The mean total ADC values were 1.26 ± 0.32 in lung cancer, 1.45 ± 0.47 in inflammatory BPNM and 2.04 ± 0.63 in noninflammatory BPNM, and there were significant differences among them. The mean inside ADC value (1.33 ± 0.32) of the lung cancers was remarkably higher than that (0.94 ± 0.42) of the pulmonary abscesses. The mean inside/wall ADC ratio (1.20 ± 0.28) of the lung cancers was remarkably higher than that (0.74 ± 0.14) of the pulmonary abscesses.

Although ADC of DWI could differentiate lung cancer from BPNM, the inside/wall ADC ratio of DWI is efficient for differentiation between lung cancer and lung abscess. The inside/wall ADC ratio of DWI strengthens a weak point of DWI.

Although ADC of DWI could differentiate lung cancer from BPNM, the inside/wall ADC ratio of DWI is efficient for differentiation between lung cancer and lung abscess. The inside/wall ADC ratio of DWI strengthens a weak point of DWI.

Routine health information (RHI) systems are vital for the acquisition of data for health sector planning, monitoring, and evaluation, patient management, health education, resource allocation, disease prioritization, and decision-making. Use RHI for decision-making is low in Ethiopia. Thus, the study aimed to assess barriers and associated factors to the use of RHI among managers working at public hospitals in North Shewa, Ethiopia.

A facility-based mixed-method study was conducted from May to June 2020. A total of 102 randomly selected managers were included in the survey and six key informant interviews were done. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and interview guide by trained data collectors. Data were entered into Epi-info version 7.1 and transferred into SPSS version 23 for further statistical analysis. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, a less than 0.05 P-value was considerhospitals used RHI for decision-making. Training on health information systems and supportive supervision were factors associated with the use of RHI. Therefore, training of managers and the provision of supportive supervision were highly recommended.

Electrical stimulation of the human central nervous system via surface electrodes has been used for both learning enhancement and the amelioration of neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. However, data are sparse on how such electrical stimulation affects neural circuits at the cellular level. This study assessed the effects of tACS-like currents at 10 Hz on On-center retinal ganglion cell responsiveness, using the rabbit retina eyecup preparation as a model for central nervous system effects.

We made extracellular recordings of light-evoked spike responses in different classes of On-center retinal ganglion cells before, during and after brief applications of 1 microampere alternating currents using single electrodes and microelectrode arrays.

tACS-like currents (tACS) of 1 microampere produced effects on On-center ganglion cell response profiles immediately after initiation or cessation of tACS, without driving phase-locked firing in the absence of light stimuli. tACS affected the initial transiefects the center-surround balance of transient On-center cells, there may be greater effects on the spatial resolution and gain. BTK inhibitor The isolated retina appears to be a useful model to understand tACS actions at the neuronal level.

In patients with hemophilia B, treatment with extended half-life (EHL) recombinant factor IX allows for longer dosing intervals while providing equal or superior bleeding protection compared with standard half-life products. This enables flexible, individualized treatment schedules, which reduce the burden of prophylaxis and improve patient outcomes. This analysis compared the efficacy of recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) and recombinant factor IX albumin fusion protein (rIX-FP), two EHL therapies approved for prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding in hemophilia B.

Matching-adjusted indirect treatment comparison (MAIC) was used to adjust the between-treatment differences in baseline characteristics. Individual patient data for rFIXFc (B-LONG) were matched to aggregated data for rIX-FP (PROLONG-9FP) followed by statistical comparison for estimated annualized bleeding rate (ABR) using a Poisson regression model with adjustment for over dispersion. Data were analyzed according to treatment regimen prior to study entry prior prophylaxis (rFIXFc, n=48; rIX-FP, n=40) or prior episodic treatment (n=43 and n=19, respectively).