Mccullochgood6055

55 μmol/g to 8.54 μmol/g. The results of EPR were that the addition of CeO2 increased the content of active oxygen species and oxygen vacancies on the surface of the catalysts, which might be due to the supply of electrons to the O2 and PdO during the Ce3+toCe4+ conversion process. That could have accelerated the catalytic reaction process. Compared with the single precious metal catalyst, the T10 and T90 of the Pd-Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst were decreased by 22 °C and 40 °C, respectively.Fine particle matter (PM2.5) has been extensively reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. Recently, metformin has been reported to attenuate PM2.5 associated respiratory and cardiovascular injury, but the underling mechanism has not been discovered. Here, we performed comprehensively bioinformatics analysis and fully validation experiment to investigate the protection role of metformin and underling mechanism with RNAseq profile in GEO database. A combination of various bioinformatics tools including edgeR, principal component analysis (PCA), K-Means clustering, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), GO and KEGG enrichment were performed to identify the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB axis functional as the key signaling transduction during PM2.5 associated toxicity. PM2.5 activated TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and resulted in significantly generation of IL-6, TNF-α, mitochondrial damage, decreasing of cell viability and increased LDH activity in RAW264.7 cells. Metformin significantly attenuated the production of IL-6, mitochondrial damage, cell viability and LDH activity by limiting TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. The siRNA against AMPKα2 or negative control were transfected to RAW264.7 cells to identify whether metformin protects PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity in an AMPKα2-dependent manner. Pretreatment with metformin significantly attenuated PM2.5 induced decreasing of cell viability and increased LDH activity, as well as inhibited the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in both siControl or siAMPKα2 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that metformin protects against PM2.5-induced mitochondrial damage and cell cytotoxicity by inhibiting TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in an AMPKα2 independent manner.Here we present a long-term, hourly resolution dataset (from January 2014 to April 2015) of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) matter, organic matter (OM) and black carbon (BC) as PM2.5 chemical components in China. Seasonally differentiated weekly diurnal profiles of major particulate species were investigated in conjunction with potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis. The average concentration of PM2.5 was 48.3 ± 35.1 μg m-3, in which OM was the major constituent (29.7 ± 13.9%), followed by sulfate (25.1 ± 8.1%), nitrate (18.5 ± 8.3%), ammonium (13.3 ± 3.8%), and other trace species (6.8 ± 4.0%). Interestingly, unlike other PM species, OM concentrations kept very similar level among different seasons, indicating on-road traffic is a stable source of PM2.5. Besides, a persistently strong particulate OM pollution belt was found along the lower reaches of Yangtze River. Significant enhancement of SIA (mainly nitrate) was coincided with high PM2.5 mass loading. Source apportionment were conducted and found the overwhelming dominance of long-range transport of the pollutants from north China. Using a case study, we further integrate Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorological modeling and lidar observation to better understand the evolution process of a typical pollution episode. Our assessment of the extremely large datasets derived from Shanghai supersite demonstrated the online instrumentation as a robust and credible alternative to filter-based sampling techniques for long-term PM2.5 monitoring and characterization in heavily polluted areas.In this study, different numbers of baffles were arranged in settling zone of an activated primary sedimentation tank (APST) to adjust the flow regime of sewage, and the characteristics of flow regime adjustment enhancing carbon source recovery in the APST were explored. The results showed that, compared with the APST without baffles, setting one baffle at the front end of settling zone led to the lowest sedimentation loss of soluble chemical oxygen in the settling zone, and the SCOD and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the effluent increased by 52 mg/L and 4.49 mg/L, respectively, furthermore, the SCOD/total nitrogen (TN), and SCOD/total phosphorus (TP) in the effluent also increased by 22.47%, and 11.95%, respectively. To evaluate the mechanism of setting baffles for carbon source recovery, the numerical simulation of flow regime adjustment was utilized. The results showed that, under the condition of setting one baffle, three large recirculation zones were formed which increased the probability of collision and friction between particulates to avoid the dissolved carbon that had been desorbed in the mechanical agitation zone from being re-adsorbed and settling in the settling zone. Moreover, the baffle changed the streamlines of sewage, thereby resuspending more small carbon sources that had already settled and increasing the carbon source content of effluent. Thus, this study provided a new method of adjusting sewage flow regime in APST for enhancing the efficiency of carbon source recovery which could help improving biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment plants.The occurrence of microplastics in drinking water systems has increasingly become a major environmental challenge. Although the potential impacts of microplastics in drinking water on humans are not yet fully understood, microplastics attract the public health concern when they are consumed by humans through drinking water systems. Current drinking water treatment plants constitute an obstacle to the entry of microplastics from raw water into daily drinking water. GSK864 Therefore, understanding the behaviors of drinking water treatment process and the fates of microplastics in drinking water treatment plants are very important. We systematically reviewed the available knowledge on the global existence of microplastics in raw water, treated water and tap water in this paper. This will offer a new perspective for the threat of microplastics in drinking water to human health and help to formulate effective strategies for microplastic monitoring. The existing knowledge of microplastic removal by different treatment processes was also thoroughly discussed.