Mccullochabildtrup0907

ally reactive person. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).A core feature of associative models, such as those proposed by Allan Wagner (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Wagner, 1981), is that conditioning proceeds in a trial-by-trial fashion, with increments and decrements in associative strength occurring on each occasion that the conditioned stimulus (conditional stimulus, or CS) is present either with or without the unconditioned stimulus (US). A very different approach has been taken by theories that assume animals continuously accumulate information about the total length of time spent waiting for the US both during the CS and in the absence of the CS (e.g., Gallistel & Gibbon, 2000). Here we describe 3 experiments using within-subject designs that tested trial-based and time-accumulation accounts of the acquisition of conditioned responding using magazine approach conditioning in rats. We found that responding was affected by the total (cumulative) duration of exposure to the CS without the US rather than the number of trials on which the CS occurred without the US. We also found that exposure to the CS without the US had the same effect on conditioning whether that exposure occurred shortly (60 s) before each CS-US pairing or whether it occurred long (240 s) before each pairing. These findings are more consistent with time-accumulation models of conditioning than trial-based models like the Rescorla-Wagner model and Wagner's (1981) sometimes opponent process model. We discuss these findings in relation to other evidence that favors trial-based models rather than time-accumulation models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).BACKGROUND The study aim was to develop and psychometrically assess an instrument to measure clinician attitude and competence in understanding violence affecting women with disabilities. METHOD Data were collected from 419 clinicians with a master's degree or higher. Once collected, data was split randomly into two equal groups. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the first half of the data (n = 209) and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the second half of the data (n = 210) to establish construct validity. The draft instrument thus generated was designated as the Clinician Attitude Toward Violence Affecting Women With Disabilities (CAVAWD) Scale, which includes 4 factors (perception of problem, training competency, screening and reporting competency, and policy awareness). These four factors loaded on 40 items, with an overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.898 and McDonald's omega of 0.903, explaining 58.7% of the total variance. RESULTS Initial psychometric assessment of CAVAWD showed good reliability and consistent construct validity through 4 moderate to highly loaded factors that are interpretable and parsimonious. CONCLUSION Further testing is needed; however, at present, the CAVAWD may be potentially useful to evaluate and measure counselor attitude, competency, and understanding of violence affecting women with disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).This study uses a within study comparison design (WSC) to conduct a novel test of how much causal bias results when researchers use a nonequivalent comparison group design type (NECGD) that combines (a) a comparison group local to the treatment group; (b) a pretest measure of the study outcome; and (c) a rich set of 19 other multidimensional covariates. Most prior WSCs have dealt with the bias consequences of only 1 of these, revealing that each routinely reduces bias but does not necessarily eliminate it. Thus, a need exists to identify NECGDs that more robustly eliminate bias. This study is the first to examine how combining the 3 bias-control mechanisms above affects bias. The intervention we examine is a prekindergarten mathematics curriculum, for which a randomized control trial (RCT) produces a positive 1-year math effect. Final bias in the NECGD is assessed as the difference between its impact and that of the RCT when each design has the same intervention, outcome, and estimand. Over the many specifications we explore, NECGD bias is less than .10 standard deviations, indicating that minimal bias results when an NECGD combines all 3 design elements. The factorial design we use in this study also tests the bias associated with seven other NECGD types. FHT-1015 Comparing the total pattern of results shows that the minimal bias when all 3 elements are combined is uniquely attributable to the locally chosen comparison group and not the availability of a pretest or other covariates. In actual research practice, it is impossible to predict in advance which design elements will affect bias by how much in any given application. So further research is needed to probe whether the simultaneous use of all three design elements achieves minimal bias dependably across diverse applications and not just in the preschool math context examined here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The Adult Separation Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (ASA-27) is the most widely used self-report assessment of adult separation anxiety (ASA). Despite its widespread use, relatively little is known about its psychometric properties, specifically whether it is unidimensional, its degree of precision (or information) across latent levels of ASA, the functioning of individual items in general and of DSM-derived versus non-DSM-derived items in particular, and whether the measure is invariant across gender and time. We addressed these issues in a sample of 509 adult women and 407 adult men from the local community participating in a longitudinal study of temperament and psychopathology in children. Two items from the ASA-27 were removed so that the measure met the item response theory (IRT) assumption of unidimensionality. Findings from a graded response model for categorical items suggested that the ASA-27 assesses ASA most reliably at moderate to high levels and that the DSM-derived items were more closely related to latent ASA than the non-DSM-derived items. Invariance tests employing single-factor confirmatory factor analysis models suggested that the measure is partially invariant across gender and time at the unique factor level, with fewer than 7% of parameters freed in both cases; this implies that the means and variances of the latent factors and differences in the observed responses are attributable to true differences in ASA. Future work should replicate these findings in a sample that includes individuals with a wider range of ASA severity and may consider removing additional items that provide little or redundant information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).