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Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a frequent cause of chronic abdominal complaints. So far, a lot information has been gathered on its pathogenesis but are still doubts that raise question why its causes chronic diarrhea in some and constipation in other patients.

The aim of the study was to assess the number of endothelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the duodenal and ileum mucosa in patients with SIBO with dominant diarrhea (SIBO-D) and dominant constipation (SIBO-C).

The study was performed in 30 healthy patients (group I) and 40 patients with SIBO and diarrhoea (group II), and in 4o patients with constipation (group III). To diagnose SIBO the lactulose hydrogen breath test (LHBT) was performed. To determine the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in duodenal and jejunal mucosa the histological assessment was performed using haematoxylin-eosin staining. Moreover, immunochistochemical method was used to assess the number of enterochromatoffin cells (EC, chromogranin A - LK-2H10) in these some parts of the gut.

The results of LHBT were similar in group II and III - 75,6±18,1 ppm and 66,9±16,2 ppm(p>0,05). The number of IELs in duodenal mucosa in controls was 14,6±4,1/100 EN, in group II - 28,3±6,8/100 EN (p<0.01), and in group III - 23,0±9,9/100 EN (p<0,05), and similar differences were in jejunal mucosa. The number of EC in both parts of the gut was higher in SIBO compared to controls. Furthermore, in patients with SIBO-D the number of IELs in duodenum, as well as in jejunum, was positively correlated with the number of EC cells ( p<0,05, p=0,056, respectively).

In patients with SIBO, particularly with SIBO-D, increased number of IELs I EC cells may be a cause of diverse abdominal symptoms.

In patients with SIBO, particularly with SIBO-D, increased number of IELs I EC cells may be a cause of diverse abdominal symptoms.Dissection of the interior carotid artery is rare in the general population. It can however be a potentially life-threatening condition. In the group of patients below 45 years of age, it constitutes a fairly common cause of cerebral stroke.

The study describes the case of a patient with the right interior carotid artery dissection, sustained most probably in the course of work. The patient was admitted to hospital for a severe headache of a few days' duration accompanied by Horner's syndrome on the right side. Promptly undertaken diagnostic procedures allowed for immediate diagnosis and application of the right treatment. The check-up examinations performed showed a healed artery and withdrawal of the neurological syndrome.

The case emphasizes the role of prompt diagnosis and treatment in preventing the development of more serious complications. The article refers also to the standards of treating the dissection of the interior carotid artery which still arouse controversies.

The case emphasizes the role of prompt diagnosis and treatment in preventing the development of more serious complications. The article refers also to the standards of treating the dissection of the interior carotid artery which still arouse controversies.Introduction of the definition and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to the KDOQI guidelines in 2002 served as a turning point in nephrology. On one hand, the new definition has allowed for the standardization of terminology, on the other hand, however, it has led to a rapid growth in CKD diagnoses. Another issue is the strengthening of the assumption, that diagnosis of CKD is associated with further progressive kidney dysfunction until reaching the end stage renal disease (ESRD). Clinical practice, however, provides evidence that not all patients diagnosed with CKD reach ESRD and eventually require renal replacement therapy (RRT), and in many cases CKD does not progress.

The aim of the study was to assess practical information for a clinician provided by eGFR and its changes during the follow-up of a patient as regards the RRT prognosis and mortality risk.

The study group consisted of patients with CKD treated in the regional outpatient clinic. Progression was assessed by determininer, eGFR below 45 ml/min/ 1.73m2 was associated with a significantly higher mortality risk (p=0.036). Moreover, the groups with the fastest and with improved eGFR were characterized by the highest mortality.

The baseline eGFR was not a significant predictor of future renal outcomes (ESRD, RRT). However, eGFR below 45 ml/min/ 1.73m2 was associated with a significantly higher mortality risk (p=0.036). Moreover, the groups with the fastest and with improved eGFR were characterized by the highest mortality.Hypercalcemia (HCM) is predominantly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) or malignancy. It's incidence varies from 0.17% to 4.74%. Its numerous manifestations include renal symptoms.

The aim of the study was to assess the incidence and etiology of hypercalcemia in patients hospitalized at the Department of Nephrology of the Warsaw Military Institute, as well as to evaluate its impact on renal function.

In this cross-sectional study patients admitted to the Nephrology Department of the Warsaw Military Institute between January 2017 and December 2018 were retrospectively screened for presence of HCM, defined as total calcium level or corrected calcium level in case of hypoalbuminemia >10.2 mg/dl, measured at least twice. Each patient's medical history as well as other laboratory findings were subsequently analyzed in order to establish the etiology of hypercalcemia.

Among 3062 hospitalisations (1993 patients) at The Department, 96 patients had elevated calcium level of which 36 were identified d medications having hypercalcemizing effect. Kidney injury is dependent on the severity of hypercalcemia.

Hypercalcemia is a rare disorder among Nephrology Department patients, which primary etiology is malignancy and medications having hypercalcemizing effect. Kidney injury is dependent on the severity of hypercalcemia.Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed exclusively by myofibroblastic cells in areas of active tissue remodeling. Role of FAP expression by smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaque and possible role in plaque rupture resulting in acute coronary syndromes remains unclear.

The aim of our study was to analyze FAP expression by smooth muscle cells in sections of human coronary arteries without atherosclerosis and with atherosclerotic plaque. Additionally, FAP expression in human atherosclerotic plaque was compared with other markers of activated smooth muscle cells.

Hybrid cells (cF19) producing anti human FAP were grown in suspension. A crude anti-human FAP IgG have been obtained in 4 consecutive days process. Monoclonal anti-human FAP antibody were used with immunochemistry staining and immunofluorescence to identify FAP distribution in human atherosclerotic plaque in normal coronary arteries without atherosclerosis from heart transplant patients and in coronary arteries from patients with advanced atherosclerotic plaques.

Analysis of FAP expression in human coronary vessels showed absence of FAP in sections without atherosclerosis and expression of FAP in human atherosclerotic plaque. Immunofluorescence staining of advanced atherosclerotic plaque showed distinct distribution of FAP expression in advanced atherosclerotic plaque as compared with other markers of activated vascular smooth muscle cells.

FAP is expressed in advanced atherosclerotic plaque. Comparison of FAP expression with other markers of activated myocytes suggests that FAP may identify different specific subpopulation of activated smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaque.

FAP is expressed in advanced atherosclerotic plaque. Comparison of FAP expression with other markers of activated myocytes suggests that FAP may identify different specific subpopulation of activated smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaque.

SARS-CoV-2 and its related COVID-19 are now affecting people worldwide. The pandemic, started at the end of 2019 and spread in Europe and all over the world at the beginning of the 2020, is the biggest threat to the health and to the economy of all countries, since the time of Spanish Flu. A global effort is being made to counter the virus with social distancing and restrictions, but our habits and behavior have dramatically been modified. Hospital activity has changed, and Plastic Surgery is affected as well as other disciplines.

Our work describes the impact of the pandemic on a Plastic Surgery Unit in a tertiary care hospital and estimates the possible consequences in the near future. Elective procedures and consultations have been postposed and rescheduled, but we ensured treatment for life-threatening conditions and offered the best therapy, complying with the new safety standard to protect the patients and the healthcare providers. Media helped in keeping in touch the people, ensuring continuity in education and circulation of the data about SARS-CoV-2 research.

We don't know yet what the overall cost of the crisis will be on the global economy and on the National Health Systems. Definitely, it will be a big challenge to face, both for the Governments, for the people, as for healthcare providers. However, to date, we should remind our responsibilities as doctors, as we can contribute with our efforts and our knowledge to ensure continuity of care and research.

COVID, COVID-19, Italy, Outbreak, Pandemic, Plastic Surgery, SARS-Cov-2.

COVID, COVID-19, Italy, Outbreak, Pandemic, Plastic Surgery, SARS-Cov-2.We present our experience with pediatric ABO-incompatible liver transplantation in India. Data of patients 64 requiring plasmapheresis. All 8 patients survived without rejection/biliary issues. Mean (range) of post-transplant hospital stay was 19.1 (13-22) d and follow-up period was 38.1 (7.1-84.4) mo. Pediatric ABO-incompatible liver transplantation can be successfully performed using plasmapheresis with optimal immune-suppression and vigilant post-op monitoring.We report on 16 children with ingestion of magnetic foreign bodies, who were identified by a medical record review of our hospital data for the time period between January, 2017 and May, 2018. Digestive tract wall was sandwiched in 13 (75%) children and 11 (74%) had gaptic intestinal perforation.Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) guidelines are updated every five years and the new 2020 guidelines were issued recently. We briefly review the important changes in terms of rates of rescue breaths, timing of epinephrine, resuscitation in septic shock, use of extracorporeal therapies, and the new component in the chain of survival - recovery.

The IAP last published the guidelines "Comprehensive Management of Diarrhea" in 2006 and a review in 2016. The WHO in 2002 and the Government of India in 2004 recommended low osmolarity rehydration solution (LORS) as the universal rehydration solution for all ages and all forms of dehydration. However, the use of LORS in India continues to be unacceptably low at 51%, although awareness about ORS has increased from a mere 14% in 2005 to69% in 2015. Availability of different compositions of ORS and brands in market added to the confusion.

The Indian Academy of Pediatrics constituted a panel of experts from the fields of pediatrics, pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition to update on management of dehydration in children with particular reference to LORS and issue a current practice guideline. The committee met twice at CIAP HQ to review all published literature on the aspect. Brief presentations were made, followed by discussions. The draft paper was circulated by email. All relevant inputs and suggestions were incorporated to arrive at a consensus on this practice guideline.