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Neuromuscular fitness can be influenced at puberty by a steroid hormones, such as testosterone (TRT) and estradiol (EST). However, more information is needed to assess the reliability between the discriminatory power of biological age (BA) markers with the discriminatory power of TRT and EST in relation to muscle strength in young athletes who are at puberty. The aim of this paper was to analyze BA, TRT and EST as discriminating factors of upper limb (ULS) and lower (LLS) strength levels in young athletes.

The sample of 81 young athletes (54.4% female and 45.6% male; age 11.4±1.08). Hormones were analyzed by chemiluminescence, BA markers by anthropometric variables and body composition by tetrapolar bioimpedance. ULS was verified by the medicineball launch test and LLS by the countermovement jump test on a force platform.

EST was reliable for discriminating ULS (P<0.05) and LLS (P<0.05) in females. TRT showed reliability in discriminating ULS (P<0.05) and LLS (P<0.05) in males. BA was significant in discriminating ULS (P<0.0001) in females and ULS (P=0.002) and LLS (P<0.0001) in males. BA showed significant reliability with hormonal analyzes (P<0.05).

That hormonal concentrations are reliable in discriminating ULS and LLS of young athletes of both sexes. BA was shown to be effective in discriminating ULS (in both sexes) and LLS (in males). BA showed significant reliability with hormonal analyzes (ULS and LLS in male sex; LLS for female sex).

That hormonal concentrations are reliable in discriminating ULS and LLS of young athletes of both sexes. BA was shown to be effective in discriminating ULS (in both sexes) and LLS (in males). BA showed significant reliability with hormonal analyzes (ULS and LLS in male sex; LLS for female sex).

The development of the norm of functional variables of fitness as a national database was considered the most important criterion of success in basketball. The current study aims to investigate the performance and skill-related determinants of physical fitness.

Forty-three elite basketball players (including 14 centers, 15 forward and 14 guard players) participated in this cross-sectional study. MAPK inhibitor The biomechanical parameters of the vertical jump and on-court tests including 20-meter dash, 4×9m agility, 10×20 m shuttle run, repeated side hop, were evaluated. The values of these parameters were compared between different posts using MANOVA and Tukey Post hoc tests in SPSS software (P≤0.05).

The norm of physical fitness parameters was obtained by determining the percentage points of 0-10%, 10-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, 75-90% and 90-100%. Furthermore, peak vertical jump velocity and relative jump power were significantly higher in the guards and forwards compared to the centers (P=0.007 and P=0.027, respectively)s' poor performance in all three positions.

The aim of this study is to report injury patterns associated with training activities of South Korean elite handball athletes.

We prospectively collected data (stratified by sex, handball position, and injury location) on site from elite handball athletes between January and December 2019 at the Korea Training Center, South Korea. We used χ

tests and one-way analysis of variance to compare groups. Simple linear regression was conducted to determine associations between pain score and recovery time.

We included 188 (96 male and 92 female) athletes who sustained 767 injuries (annual average, 4.08 injuries/athlete) during the study. Female athletes had a higher (P<0.001) injury incidence rate (6.21/1000 h) than male athletes (4.39/1000 h). Most injuries occurred in the lower extremities (50.2%). The injured body areas differed by handball position (P<0.001), and injury severity differed according to sex (P<0.001), with injuries in men typically resulting in a longer recovery time. Pain score and recovery time differed (both P<0.001) depending on the injured tissue type. Pain score was the highest and recovery time longest for ligament injuries; muscle injuries resulted in a high pain score but a relatively short recovery time. An increase in pain score of 1 was associated with an increase in recovery time of approximately 1.59 days.

We believe that our data increase the understanding of the types and severity of injuries sustained by elite Korean handball athletes. These data should be incorporated into programs that aim to reduce the incidence of sports injuries and enhance athletic performance.

We believe that our data increase the understanding of the types and severity of injuries sustained by elite Korean handball athletes. These data should be incorporated into programs that aim to reduce the incidence of sports injuries and enhance athletic performance.

Volleyball is an intermittent, extremely dynamic and open-skill team sport in which players perform a variety of acyclic movements while constantly changing game situation. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a summary of the research that has examined intervention strategies to improve agility performance in volleyball and to synthesize the tests used to evaluate agility in volleyball.

A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar with titles, abstracts, and full texts that were analyzed according to predefined inclusion criteria to find relevant studies. Moreover, the methodological quality of the studies selected was assessed.

Twelve studies (N.=348 participants) were included. The selected studies had a methodological quality rated poor-to-moderate (average score of 3.9, range 1 to 6). Results showed that of all the training interventions, plyometric-based training present the greatest improvement in agility (average of 7.7%). Moreover, the agility T-test was the most used test.

Considering the poor-to-moderate methodological quality, there is a need for developing specific longitudinal and controlled studies with the aim of studying the effect of diversified training interventions on the development of agility in volleyball players.

Considering the poor-to-moderate methodological quality, there is a need for developing specific longitudinal and controlled studies with the aim of studying the effect of diversified training interventions on the development of agility in volleyball players.

Lower habitual physical activity in adolescents with visual impairment (VI) have detrimental effect on their general health such as bone quality and physical fitness. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the bone quality in children with VI and to analyze the correlations of their bone characteristics with anthropometric and physical fitness tests.

The participants (N.=38) were adolescents (14.85±2.79 yrs) with low vision (N.=18) or blindness (N.=20). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) of the total body and L1-L4 of the lumbar spinal region. After anthropometry physical fitness was examined by laboratory test (V̇O<inf>2peak</inf>) and field tests (strength and running).

Height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> were similar in the two groups. Blind boys showed significant higher handgrip strength. Estimated V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> (from 20-m shuttle running test) was significantly lower in blind children (43.84±4.42 mL/kg/min) than in children with low vision (35.08±5.23 mL/kg/min; P<0.001). BMD and BMC did not differ in subgroups, Z-score of total body BMD was significantly lower in blind children. Means of Z-score in L1-L4 lumbal spinal region were negative values and similar in blind and low vision adolescents' subgroups. A linear regression model in the collective group revealed significant associations of BMD (r2=0.538; P=0.0001) and BMC (r2=0.698; P=0.048) with BMI and handgrip strength test.

Adolescents with VI have generally decreased bone health and physical fitness level. BMI and handgrip strength are predictors of total body BMD and BMC; suggesting that these measures may be adequate to estimate bone health.

Adolescents with VI have generally decreased bone health and physical fitness level. BMI and handgrip strength are predictors of total body BMD and BMC; suggesting that these measures may be adequate to estimate bone health.

This study investigated the possible influence of the gender on the responses of swimmers during a taper period (TP).

Ten males (19±3 years and 73.5±7.8 kg) and ten females (17±2 years and 54.7±7.2 kg) swimmers were submitted to a 12-week training, followed by three weeks of the TP. Before and after the TP we evaluated the performance at 100 m freestyle, stroke parameters and lactacidemic responses; lactate minimum intensity (LMI) and stroke parameters associated with LMI and the propulsive force in tethered swimming. TP consisted of 14 sessions with mean volume 2253±1213 m/session at an intensity below than the LMI, 1730±327 m/session at an intensity near the LMI and 1530±1019 m/session at an intensity above the LMI.

Significant effects of the genders were observed for LMI and stroke parameters (P<0.001 and η

>0.52 [large]) and propulsive force (P=0.001; η

=0.59 [large]). However, no significant effects of the TP were identified in the performance of the 100 m freestyle (P=0.66; η

=0.006 [small]), propulsive force (P>0.63; η

<0.006 [small]), aerobic parameters (LMI P=0.32 and η

=0.03 [small]) and mechanical parameters (P>0.23; η

=0.01 [small]). Nonetheless, the peak blood lactate concentrations were improved after TP (P=0.014; η

=0.16 [large]), without significant interactions (P=0.38; η

=0.02 [small]), as well as the mechanical parameters during maximum 100 m freestyle (P<0.04 and η

>0.10 [medium]).

Hence, men and women presenting significantly different values in the age group studied, the responses observed after the TP investigated were the same independent of gender.

Hence, men and women presenting significantly different values in the age group studied, the responses observed after the TP investigated were the same independent of gender.

Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors is a sign of detrimental health. Tracking is a term used to describe a variable longitudinal stability across time. High tracking provides the chance to determine which cardiometabolic risk factors should be the target of early treatment and prevention efforts. The present study aims to analyze the tracking of cardiometabolic risk factors and clustered cardiometabolic risk score in children across a 3-year time span, and to verify the odds of staying at risk (measured by the clustered score) from baseline to follow-up.

Longitudinal study that included 354 (155 boys) children, aged 7-12 years at baseline. A clustered score was calculated by summing the systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, triglycerides, glucose, and the TC/HDL-C ratio Z-scores divided by five. A second clustered score was calculated including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).

CRF and anthropometric parameters presented high tracking (r≥0.662), whereas the cardiometabolic parameters exhibited low-to-moderate tracking (0.100≤r≤0.571). The clustered scores' tracking was moderate (r≥0.508; r≥0.588 [CRF]). Participants in the higher risk groups at baseline presented 3.81 (95% CI 2.40; 6.05) and 4.64 (95% CI 2.85; 7.56), including CRF, times higher chance of remaining at risk three years later. Moreover, participants in the worst profile regarding CRF or anthropometrics at baseline presented at least 4.00 times higher chance of being at risk three years later.

Participants with worst CRF and adiposity had an increased risk of presenting higher clustered risk after three years.

Participants with worst CRF and adiposity had an increased risk of presenting higher clustered risk after three years.