Mahlermcdougall9992

Distributed across topographically complex landscapes that vary from lowland to high elevation, the Atlantic Forest harbors one of the richest biotas worldwide. Atlantic Forest amphibians are particularly speciose, taxonomic accounts are rising and the group is used as model for biogeographic inference. Past climate-related habitat fragmentation is often invoked to explain diversification, with montane taxa expected to become more widespread during glacial times and restrained at interglacials. In this study we investigate diversification in Ischnocnema lactea and I. holti (Anura Brachycephalidae), two rare frog species inhabiting Atlantic Forest montane regions in Southeastern Brazil. Previous phylogenetic accounts have suggested uncertain limits between these two sister species. We assembled a multilocus DNA dataset, delimited lineages in this clade, and used ecological niche modeling to explore past and future putative ranges. Assignment analyses and traditional and coalescent phylogenetic methods confirmed the existence of a species complex of Miocene origin comprising nine lineages, most of which show very narrow ranges. Lineages were fully supported as species based in coalescent species delimitation, but the phylogenetic relationships among lineages in higher elevation were unresolved. Models of past ranges suggest extensive suitable areas at the last glacial maximum which, along with phylogenetic uncertainty, are consistent with a hypothesis that climate driven vicariance at higher elevation areas resulted in hard polytomies. Species distribution models under future climates suggest narrower ranges of the lineages relative to now, but neither species are currently considered endangered. Overall, our results argue in favor for the reassessment of the taxonomic and conservation status of the I. holti - I. lactea species complex. Desmoglein-2 (DSG2), a member of the cadherin superfamily, has been implicated in cell-cell adhesion and tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that high DSG2 expression in both lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell lines and tissues is associated with poor prognosis in LUAD patients. Notably, DSG2 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and migration, and increased resistance to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor osimertinib, whereas DSG2 silencing could reverse these results. Moreover, direct interaction between DSG2 and EGFR in the cell membrane stimulated EGFR signaling to promote tumorigenesis, and loss of DSG2 resulted in EGFR translocation into the cytoplasm. In addition, DSG2 was required for EGFR binding to Src; consequently, DSG2 silencing inhibited tumor cell malignancy via suppression of the EGFR-Src-Rac1-PAK1 signaling pathway. Consistent with these findings, a nude mouse xenograft model using H1975 cells demonstrated that DSG2 promoted LUAD cell growth in vivo and increased osimertinib resistance. Collectively, these observations are the first to elucidate a unique role for DSG2 in the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma via EGFR signaling. V.The identification of the biological determinants that shape the response of tumors to medical therapies offers perspectives for better patient stratification and therapeutic targeting. Here, we discuss how genomics could help to improve the surgical treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We examine the potential use of genomic analyses for i) refining and standardizing the indications for surgery, ii) the choice of surgical procedure, and iii) the follow-up of patients with resected tumors. We highlight the studies that used genomics to explore the contribution of tumor biology to the outcome of surgery. We discuss the important developments that are challenging current surgical practice in HNSCC, such as neoadjuvant immunotherapy and the analysis of circulating DNA. Genomic analyses provide practical tools that could help improve the pathological diagnosis and staging of HNSCC, and increase the appreciation of the importance of tumor biology in the outcome of surgery. Identification of biomarkers will likely contribute to a move toward precision surgery of HNSCC, i.e. the personalization of surgical practice based on tumor biology. Tanneries pose a serious threat to the environment by generating large amount of solid tannery waste (STW). buy WNK463 Two metagenomes representing tannery waste dumpsites Jajmau (JJK) and Unnao (UNK) were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq platform. Microbial diversity analysis revealed domination of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes in both metagenomes. Presence of pollutant degrading microbes such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Halanaerobium and Pseudomonas strongly indicated their bioremediation ability. KEGG and SEED annotated main functional categories included carbohydrate metabolism, amino acids metabolism, and protein metabolism. KEGG displayed 5848 and 9633 proteases encoding ORFs compared to 5159 and 8044 ORFs displayed by SEED classification in JJK and UNK metagenomes, respectively. Abundantly present serine- and metallo-proteases belonging to Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Flavobacteriaceae and Chitinophagaceae families exhibited proteinaceous waste degrading ability of these metagenomes. Further structural and functional analysis of metagenome encoded enzymes may facilitate the discovery of novel proteases useful in bioremediation of STW. OBJECTIVE Medical students and residents often evaluate training sites in vascular surgery with minimal exposure to those programs. We sought to identify factors associated with vascular surgery trainee satisfaction in relation to their current work environment and how they made their rank list. METHODS All integrated residents and fellows currently in United States vascular training programs were queried using an anonymous electronic survey for variables of their current training environment, factors that influenced their rank order list, and satisfaction. Questions were graded on a Likert Scale. Continuous, ordinal, and categorical variables were respectively analyzed using the two-sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U/Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS 166 of 517 (32%) trainees completed the survey with equal distribution across postgraduate years. Respondents reported high rates of satisfaction with their training program overall (84%), including 88% (n = 83) of residents and 78% (n = 56) of fellows.