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ty of management strategies.The developmental milestones are a set of goals or markers that a child is set to achieve from infancy to childhood. They are categorized into 5 domains gross motor, fine motor, language, cognitive, and social-emotional and behavioral. Knowing and identifying the developmental milestones can help the pediatrician and healthcare providers to recognize delayed development, and early identification would allow for timely referral to the appropriate services. Typical MilestonesA fistula-in-ano is an epithelial-lined tract connecting the anal canal to the perianal skin. selleck chemicals Anal fistulas can have many causes but are most commonly the result of an anorectal abscess. Classification of the fistula is determined in relation to the anal sphincters. Although benign, the condition can cause significant distress and embarrassment to the patient. Treatment focuses on control of the infection and maintaining fecal continence. Many treatment options are available, and novel treatments are steadily proposed and tested. This article will review the fundamental principles of fistula-in-ano diagnosis and treatment.The human vertebral column or spine has five distinct anatomical regions named cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine. However, the cervical spine is a potential area of importance due to its proximity to the head, containment of the upper spinal cord, and vertebral arteries that contribute to the posterior circulation of the brain. Seven cervical vertebrae, combined with cartilages, various ligaments, and muscles, make a sophisticated and flexible structure that allows a variety of head/neck movements. Similar to other areas of the spine, cervical vertebrae also have the intervening intervertebral disks for shock absorbing and flexibility. Additionally, it contains a much wider spinal canal to accommodate the spinal cord, blood vessels, meninges, and nerve roots.Idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage is a rare condition that affects the lower respiratory tract. It can be divided into two clinical entities depending on whether the pathophysiology and presentation are acute or chronic. Acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage usually presents as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), while the more insidious or chronic pulmonary hemorrhage often presents as idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) following repeated alveolar bleeding. The terms idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage are often used interchangeably. Historically, idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage was first described by Virchow in 1864 as "brown lung induration." Ceelen in 1931 gave a more detailed description of the condition after autopsies revealed large amounts of hemosiderin in 2 children, while Waldenstrom, in 1944, made the first antemortem diagnosis. Pulmonary hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood into the alveoli, that is, bleeding into the lower r often causes a diagnostic pitfall for many clinicians. Unfortunately, delayed diagnosis leads to delayed treatment and, ultimately, a poor outcome.Hip fractures are one of the most frequent fractures presenting to the emergency department and orthopedic trauma teams. The terms hip fracture and neck of femur fracture are used synonymously. Both terms describe a fracture of the proximal femur between the femoral head and 5 cm distal to the greater trochanter.Typhoid fever is also called enteric fever. It is a prospectively, multisystemic illness that has been a public health problem, especially in the developing world. It is caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. Enteric fever is a cumulative term that illustrates both typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Paratyphoid is clinically indistinct from typhoid fever; thus, enteric and typhoid fever are used mutually. Typhoid fever is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in overcrowded and unhygienic areas though comprehensive research and public health interventions have decreased the occurrence. The disease course ranges from early gastrointestinal distress to nonspecific systemic illness but ultimately may lead to multiple complications. Salmonella is said to spread by the 'four Fs" (flies, fingers, feces, fomites). Fever characteristically comes in a step-wise pattern (i.e., rises and falls alternatively) followed by headache and abdominal pain.The field of genetics was born through meticulous studies in a monastery garden by a 19th-century monk, Gregor Mendel. His proposed laws explained the modes of inheritance of characteristic traits passed on through generations, such as the flower color of a pea plant. Though it would be many years before the term gene was introduced and much has been learned since his initial observations, the laws have withstood our advances and understanding of biology, with some interesting exceptions. Gregor Mendel proposed three laws explaining the inheritance of traits visible through generations - the characteristic of pea skin - wrinkled or smooth, the color of a pea plant flower - white, pink, red - among other features. We now understand that these traits are encoded in our instruction manual or our DNA. These simple changes to the phenotype, or the trait displayed in an organism, can be explained through changes in our genes. Mendel's laws include the Law of Dominance and Uniformity, the Law of Segregation and the he same chromosome, they can be linked and not follow this law.Atrioventricular canal defects (AVCDs) comprise a spectrum of defects such as exclusive ventricular or atrial defects, septal defects, atrioventricular anomalies, and endocardial cushion defects. AVCDs are more commonly associated with chromosomal abnormalities, especially trisomy 21. There have also been incidences where there have been non-syndromic AVCDs. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are one of the most important causes of infant mortality. It has invariably led to adverse outcomes on the morbidity, lifestyle, and medical costs. The prevalence of ventricular and atrial septal defects is twice as high as the cyanotic heart diseases like tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and transposition of great arteries (TGA). With the use of dynamic echocardiography, cardiologists have managed to diagnose early, asymptomatic, and even minute atrioventricular (AV) canal defects, which could be one of the reasons for the increased incidence of the CHDs over the past couple of decades. The incidence of CHDs in developing countries is yet to be established though it seems to be fairly similar to that of developed countries.