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The reports about valuable oligosaccharides in ginseng are quite limited. There is an urgent need to develop a practical procedure to detect and analyze ginseng oligosaccharides.

The oligosaccharide extracts from ginseng were permethylated by solid-phase methylation method and then were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Orbitrap/MS. see more The sequence, linkage, and configuration information of oligosaccharides were determined by using accurate m/z value and tandem mass information. Several standard references were used to further confirm the identification. The oligosaccharide composition in white ginseng and red ginseng was compared using a multivariate statistical analysis method.

The nonreducing oligosaccharide erlose among 12 oligosaccharides identifiedwas reported for the first time in ginseng. In the comparison of the oligosaccharide extracts from white ginseng and red ginseng, a clear separation was observed in the partial least squares-discriminate analysis score plot, indicathromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was successfully applied to analyze the oligosaccharides in ginseng extracts, which provides the possibility for holistic evaluation of ginseng oligosaccharides. The comparison of oligosaccharide composition of white ginseng and red ginseng could help understand the differences in pharmacological activities between these two kinds of ginseng samples from the perspective of glycans.

Fermentation has been shown to improve the biological properties of plants and herbs. Specifically, fermentation causes decomposition and/or biotransformation of active metabolites into high-value products. Polyacetylenes are a class of polyketides with a pleiotropic profile of bioactivity.

Column chromatography was used to isolate compounds, and extensive NMR experiments were used to determine their structures. The transformation of polyacetylene in red ginseng (RG) and the production of cazaldehyde B induced by the extract of RG were identified by TLC and HPLC analyses.

A new metabolite was isolated from RG fermented by

, and this new metabolite can be obtained by the biotransformation of polyacetylene in RG. Panaxytriol was found to exhibit the highest antifungal activity against

compared with other major ingredients in RG. The fungus

cultured in RG extract can metabolize panaxytriol to Metabolite A to survive, with no antifungal activity against itself. Metabolites A and B showed obvious inhibition against NO production, with ratios of 42.75±1.60 and 63.95±1.45% at 50 μM, respectively. A higher inhibitory rate on NO production was observed for Metabolite B than for a positive drug.

Metabolite A is a rare example of natural polyacetylene biotransformation by microbial fermentation. This biotransformation only occurred in fermented RG. The extract of RG also stimulated the production of a new natural product, cazaldehyde B, from

. The lactone in Metabolite A can decrease the cytotoxicity, which was deemed to be the intrinsic activity of polyacetylene in ginseng.

Metabolite A is a rare example of natural polyacetylene biotransformation by microbial fermentation. This biotransformation only occurred in fermented RG. The extract of RG also stimulated the production of a new natural product, cazaldehyde B, from C. globosum. The lactone in Metabolite A can decrease the cytotoxicity, which was deemed to be the intrinsic activity of polyacetylene in ginseng.

and

are widely used and well known for their pharmacological effects. As main pharmacological components, saponins have different distribution patterns in the root tissues of

plants.

In this study, the representative ginsenosides were detected and quantified by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis to demonstrate saponin distribution in the roottissues of

and

, and saponin metabolite profiles were analyzed by metabolomes to obtain the biomarkers of different roottissues. Finally, the transcriptomeanalysis was performed to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms of saponin distribution by gene profiles.

There was saponin distribution in the root tissues differed between

and

. Eight-eight and 24 potential biomarkers were detected by metabolomeanalysis, and a total of 340 and 122 transcripts involved in saponin synthesis that were positively correlated with the saponin contents (

>0.6,

<0.05) in the root tissues of

and

, respectively. Among them, GDPS1, CYP51, CYP64, and UGT11 were significantly correlated with the contents of Rg1, Re, Rc, Rb2, and Rd in

. UGT255 was markedly related to the content of R1; CYP74, CYP89, CYP100, CYP103, CYP109, and UGT190 were markedly correlated with the Rd content in

.

These results provided the visual and quantitative profiles of and confirmed the pivotal transcripts of CYPs and UGTs regulating the saponin distribution in the root tissues of

and

.

These results provided the visual and quantitative profiles of and confirmed the pivotal transcripts of CYPs and UGTs regulating the saponin distribution in the root tissues of P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of internal medicine residents' and faculties' (specialists and consultants) compliance to colorectal cancer screening in Hamad Medical Corporation (Doha, Qatar) and to identify barriers as well as facilitators that will assist in drawing up changes that would enhance physician-related cancer screening.

A cross-sectional web-based survey was distributed among internal medicine physicians at three component hospitals of Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC); focusing on knowledge and practice of colorectal cancer screening, its barriers and facilitators. Chi-square and

-test statistics were used to draw conclusions where appropriate.

The response rate for the survey was 91% and over 75% of the survey respondents were post-graduate trainees. The majority (90.6%) of the physicians (n=144) mentioned that they would recommend colorectal cancer screening for their asymptomatic patients, though trainees tend to choose the correct modality of screening compared to the ve, the actual practice of recommendation is sub-optimal. Further initiatives are required to facilitate awareness and compliance to colorectal cancer screening.

Thoracoscopy allows visualization of the pleural cavity including diaphragm, visceral pleura, and lungs. It provides the physician with information about the disease extent and it has the ability to get a biopsy from these lesions to differentiate between tumors and fibrotic reactions. This study aims to compare minithoracoscopy and medical thoracoscope in patients with exudative pleural effusion as regards the diagnostic yield, safety, complications, and duration of hospital stay.

Sixty patients were diagnosed with exudative pleural effusion and were randomly divided into 2 equal groups Group (1) included 30 patients who underwent minithoracoscopy and Group (2) included the remaining 30 cases who underwent the standard thoracoscope.

Pathological examination of the sample revealed that biopsy size was 2.02 and 1.25 in group 1 and group 2 was respectively with highly statistically significant between both groups (

 < .001). Group 1 revealed TB, malignant, chronic nonspecific pleurisy, Staph aureus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas in 30% (9), 30% (9), 33.3% (10), 69% (9), 15% (2), and 15% (2) of cases respectively. While group 2 reveled TB, malignancy, chronic nonspecific pleurisy, Staph aureus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and other causes in 40% (12), 23.3% (7), 23.3% (7), 67% (8), 8% (1), 8% (1), and 16% (2) respectively with no statistically significant differences between both groups (

 > .05).

Minithoracoscopy is well tolerated by patients as minimal pain and early hospital discharge could be achieved by that approach.

Minithoracoscopy is well tolerated by patients as minimal pain and early hospital discharge could be achieved by that approach.Hyperammonemia is the pathological accumulation of ammonia in the blood, which can occur in many different clinical settings. Most commonly in adults, hyperammonemia occurs secondary to hepatic dysfunction; however, it is also known to be associated with other pathologies, surgeries, and medications. Although less common, hyperammonemia has been described as a rare, but consistent complication of solid organ transplantation. Lung transplantation is increasingly recognized as a unique risk factor for the development of this condition, which can pose grave health risks-including long-term neurological sequelae and even death. Recent clinical findings have suggested that patients receiving lung transplantations may experience postoperative hyperammonemia at rates as high as 4.1%. A wide array of etiologies has been attributed to this condition. A growing number of case studies and investigations suggest disseminated opportunistic infection with Ureaplasma or Mycoplasma species may drive this metabolic disturbance in lung transplant recipients. Regardless of the etiology, hyperammonemia presents a severe clinical problem with reported mortality rates as high as 75%. Typical treatment regimens are multimodal and focus on 3 main avenues of management (1) the reduction of impact on the brain through the use of neuroprotective medications and decreasing cerebral edema, (2) augmentation of mechanisms for the elimination of ammonia from the blood via hemodialysis, and (3) the diminishment of processes producing predominantly using antibiotics. The aim of this review is to detail the pathophysiology of hyperammonemia in the setting of orthotopic lung transplantation and discuss methods of identifying and managing patients with this condition.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is typically treated by pharmacotherapy. However, pharmacotherapy alone is often not adequate to cope with the variety of symptoms associated with BD. The present case report describes the therapeutic effects of manual acupuncture on a patient with chronic BD, and multiple concurrent physical symptoms, that did not improve with standard pharmacotherapy.

A 41-year-old woman with type II BD presented with depression, anxiety, and multiple physical symptoms. Her symptoms had first appeared 12 years prior, and she was diagnosed with type II BD 3 years after symptom onset. Although she received standard treatment, including medication and psychotherapy, her symptoms did not improve. Acupuncture treatment aimed at improving psychiatric and physical symptoms was performed weekly for 12 weeks. Depression and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using the Himorogi Self-Rating Depression Scale (HSDS) and Himorogi Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (HSAS) respectively. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate physical symptoms including diarrhea, insomnia, and general malaise. Outcome measures were evaluated before each treatment.

Throughout the course of the acupuncture intervention, no changes were made to the patient's psychotropic medication regimen. HSDS and HSAS scores decreased after 12 weeks of acupuncture treatment and improvements in all physical symptoms, as measured by the VAS, were observed. Furthermore, psychiatric symptoms with hypomanic or mixed features were not exacerbated.

In this patient, acupuncture was effective in improving psychiatric and physical symptoms of type II BD. This non-pharmacological intervention may be a viable option for the treatment of BD-associated symptoms.

In this patient, acupuncture was effective in improving psychiatric and physical symptoms of type II BD. This non-pharmacological intervention may be a viable option for the treatment of BD-associated symptoms.