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ed in NIH Clinical.Trials.gov under registration number NCT02906033, retrospectively registered September 19, 2016.

This study was registered in NIH Clinical.Trials.gov under registration number NCT02906033, retrospectively registered September 19, 2016.The ground-states of the spin-S antiferromagnetic chain H AF with a projection-based interaction and the spin-1/2 XXZ-chain H XXZ at anisotropy parameter Δ = cosh ( λ ) share a common loop representation in terms of a two-dimensional functional integral which is similar to the classical planar Q-state Potts model at Q = 2 S + 1 = 2 cosh ( λ ) . The multifaceted relation is used here to directly relate the distinct forms of translation symmetry breaking which are manifested in the ground-states of these two models dimerization for H AF at all S > 1 / 2 , and Néel order for H XXZ at λ > 0 . The results presented include (i) a translation to the above quantum spin systems of the results which were recently proven by Duminil-Copin-Li-Manolescu for a broad class of two-dimensional random-cluster models, and (ii) a short proof of the symmetry breaking in a manner similar to the recent structural proof by Ray-Spinka of the discontinuity of the phase transition for Q > 4 . Altogether, the quantum manifestation of the change between Q = 4 and Q > 4 is a transition from a gapless ground-state to a pair of gapped and extensively distinct ground-states.In this paper, the spectral and scattering properties of a family of self-adjoint Dirac operators in L 2 ( Ω ; C 4 ) , where Ω ⊂ R 3 is either a bounded or an unbounded domain with a compact C 2 -smooth boundary, are studied in a systematic way. These operators can be viewed as the natural relativistic counterpart of Laplacians with boundary conditions as of Robin type. Our approach is based on abstract boundary triple techniques from extension theory of symmetric operators and a thorough study of certain classes of (boundary) integral operators, that appear in a Krein-type resolvent formula. The analysis of the perturbation term in this formula leads to a description of the spectrum and a Birman-Schwinger principle, a qualitative understanding of the scattering properties in the case that Ω is an exterior domain, and corresponding trace formulas.Sub-Saharan Africa is facing food security challenges due, in part, to decades of soil nitrogen (N) depletion. Applying N fertilizer could increase crop yields and replenish soil N pools. From 2010 to 2015, field experiments conducted in Embu and Kiboko, Kenya and Harare, Zimbabwe investigated yield and N uptake response of six maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids to four N fertilizer rates (0 to 160 kg N ha-1) in continuous maize production systems. The N recovery efficiency (NRE), cumulative N balance, and soil N content in the upper 0.9 m of soil following the final harvest were determined at each N rate. Plant and soil responses to N fertilizer applications did not differ amongst hybrids. Across locations and N rates, NRE ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 kg kg-1. Higher NRE values in Kiboko and Harare occurred at lower post-harvest soil inorganic N levels. The excessively high NRE value of 1.8 kg kg-1 at 40 kg N ha-1 in Harare suggested that maize hybrids deplete soil inorganic N most at low N rates. Still, negative cumulative N balances indicated that inorganic soil N depletion occurred at all N rates in Embu and Harare (up to - 193 and - 167 kg N ha-1, respectively) and at the 40 kg N ha-1 rate in Kiboko (- 72 kg N ha-1). Overall, maize N uptake exceeded fertilizer N applied and so, while yields increased, soil N pools were not replenished, especially at low total soil N levels ( less then  10,000 kg N ha-1 in top 0.9 m).

Self-isolation is an important personal protective measure in inhibiting the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as people carry out economic and social activities amid its spread. Yet few studies have clarified the actual implementation status of self-isolation during an outbreak. This study aimed to reveal the actual implementation of self-isolation among Japanese workers during the COVID-19 outbreak and the factors inhibiting this measure.

This was a cross-sectional study based on an internet survey completed by 1,226 workers (60.0% men) living in 7 prefectures (i.e., Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba, Ibaraki, Tochigi, and Gunma) who were selected among registrants of an Internet research company, between May 12 and 17, 2020. Participants were asked whether they had experienced fever or other cold symptoms between February 17, 2020 and the date of the survey. Those who responded affirmatively were asked where they had visited (e.g., hospital, work, and shopping for groceries or necessitis the need for further public awareness regarding self-isolation and countermeasures against factors that obstruct it.

The prevalence of strict self-isolation among participants who experienced cold-like symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak was extremely low, and 62.2% of these participants went to work within 7 days after symptom onset. This study highlights the need for further public awareness regarding self-isolation and countermeasures against factors that obstruct it.Cortinarius is an important ectomycorrhizal genus that forms a symbiotic relationship with certain trees, shrubs and herbs. learn more Recently, we began studying Cortinarius in China and here we describe three new species of Cortinarius subg. Telamonia based on morphological and ecological characteristics, together with phylogenetic analyses. Cortinarius laccariphyllussp. nov. (section Colymbadini) is associated with broadleaf trees, with strongly hygrophanous basidiomata, special Laccaria-like lamellae and white and extremely sparse universal veil. Cortinarius neotorvussp. nov. (section Telamonia) is associated with broadleaf trees and is easily confused with C. torvus, but can be distinguished by the colour of the fresh basidiomes and the stipe usually somewhat tapering towards the base. Cortinarius subfuscoperonatussp. nov. (section Fuscoperonati) is associated with coniferous trees, with subglobose to broadly ellipsoid spores and is closely related to C. fuscoperonatus. A key to the new species and similar species in sections Colymbadini, Telamonia and Fuscoperonati is provided.