Kirbyshepherd1032

RQs assessment showed a range of chronic risk levels according to the site/sampling event, with higher contribution of atrazine and its metabolites, and acetochlor, whereas TUs assessment showed no acute risk in aquatic biota. In contrast to Europe, in Argentina, there are no restrictions regarding the use of atrazine, acetochlor, imidacloprid and glyphosate to protect aquatic life. Thus, it is recommended that the current Argentine pesticide regulations should be modified to prevent ecological risk and protect ecosystems.Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid broadly used for pest control, however, it is extremely toxic to aquatic organisms. To assess the toxicity of CYP in red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, transcriptional and proteomic approaches combining two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry were used to compare the hepatic expression profiles. A total of 41,349 unigenes and 8839 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, which were enriched in the process. The category of 779 (0.625 ng L-1 CYP vs Con), 1963 (1.25 vs Con), and 2066 (1.25 vs 0.625) DEGs were screened. All findings suggested that CYP can induce antioxidant and biotransformation modulation variations in C. quadricarinatus to resist immunotoxicity and oxidative damages. The category of 196 (0.625 ng L-1 CYP vs Con) specific proteins were differentially expressed 24 proteins were upregulated, and 20 proteins were downregulated relative to CYP. Protein identification indicated the KEGG pathways of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection, insulin signaling pathway, and influenza A enriched. From the differential expression of the selected nine proteins, the increased Loc113824800, Rps19, Atp2, Rps10, Hsp40, Brafldraft_124327, and the decreased Loc117331934, Loc113213835, and Loc106806551 revealed. While for the verification of the eight genes in transcriptome and the above nine genes in proteomic, specifically, gpx5, ggt, loc106458463, chelonianin decreased in the 0.625 ng L-1 CYP group. The transcripts of loc113816050, akr1d1 and gst, chelonianin and loc108675455 decreased and increased in the 1.25 ng L-1 CYP group, respectively. The present study reflects the overall change in cellular structure and metabolism related to the resistance of pyrethroid insecticides.Samples of adipose tissue, meat and livers from pigs, cows, sheep and goats from Curaçao were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like (dl-) and non-dioxin-like (ndl-) PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls). Levels in many samples of adipose tissue were higher than the EU maximum levels (MLs) for PCDD/Fs and the sum of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs (sum-TEQ), indicating unusually high levels. selleck compound Median sum-TEQ (Toxic Equivalents) levels for pigs, cows, sheep and goats were 0.9 (range 0.3-35), 3.0 (0.5-14), 5.7 (0.3-28) and 6.5 (0.5-134) pg TEQ g-1 fat. For most samples, the congener pattern pointed to the burning of waste as the major source, in line with the fact that most animals forage outside. MLs for ndl-PCBs were also exceeded in some of the samples, indicating that some areas are additionally contaminated with PCBs. Meat levels showed similar lipid based levels as adipose tissue, contrary to liver levels, which were much higher in most animals. Pigs showed liver sequestration at lower levels in adipose tissue than the ruminants. The relatively high levels observed in this study are likely to result in high exposure of consumers and measures were taken to reduce the contamination of areas where animals forage.Honey bees are major pollinators of crops with high economic value. Thus, bees are considered to be the most important nontarget organisms exposed to adverse effects of plant protection product use. The side effects of pesticides are one of the major factors often linked to colony losses. Fewer studies have researched acute poisoning incidents in comparison to the study of the sublethal effects of pesticides. Here, we compared pesticides in dead/dying bees from suspected poisoning incidents and the suspected crop source according to government protocols. Additionally, we analyzed live bees and bee bread collected from the brood comb to determine recent in-hive contamination. We used sites with no reports of poisoning for reference. Our analysis confirmed that not all of the suspected poisonings correlated with the suspected crop. The most important pesticides related to the poisoning incidents were highly toxic chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and imidacloprid and slightly toxic prochloraz and thiacloprid. Importantly, poisoning was associated with pesticide cocktail application. Almost all poisoning incidents were investigated in relation to rapeseed. Some sites were found to be heavily contaminated with several pesticides, including a reference site. However, other sites were moderately contaminated despite agricultural use, including rapeseed cultivation sites, which can influence the extent of pesticide use, including tank mixes and other factors. We suggest that the analysis of pesticides in bee bread and in bees from the brood comb is a useful addition to dead bee and suspected crop analysis in poisoning incidents to inform the extent of recent in-hive contamination.A novel electrocoagulation (EC) system for the treatment of produced water (PW), with a provision to shift polarity is designed with the aim of reducing the problems resulting from electrode passivation. The enhancement of performance in terms of the rate and completion of the pollutant removal, energy and electrode consumption, sludge formation and ultimately the operating cost has been investigated by performing statistically designed experiments using RSM. The switching mode operation of EC had brought about significant improvement in the oil removal than the conventional mode. The polarity changeover in short span of batch recirculation time (BRT) was found to be more effective. Greater current density (CD) and supporting electrolyte concentration (SC) were found to enable a still lower switchover time (SOT) so that changeover frequency can further be increased. It was possible to remove a maximum of 99% COD and 98% Oil & Grease from a PW sample having initial concentration of 360 mgL-1of oil (1280 mgL- 1COD) at BRT of 15 min, CD of 1.