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(P<0.05). Only calcium hydroxide eliminated E.faecalis.

Experimental BS-2P and F18 pastes were biocompatible, stimulated biomineralization and induced significant OPN immunolabeling compared to Ca(OH)

. see more Only the BS-2P paste demonstrated antimicrobial activity comparable to Ca(OH)

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Experimental BS-2P and F18 pastes were biocompatible, stimulated biomineralization and induced significant OPN immunolabeling compared to Ca(OH)2 . Only the BS-2P paste demonstrated antimicrobial activity comparable to Ca(OH)2 .

Asthma is an illness that commonly affects adults and children, and it serves as a common reason for children to attend emergency departments. An asthma exacerbation is characterised by acute or subacute worsening of shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and chest tightness and may be triggered by viral respiratory infection, poor compliance with usual medication, a change in the weather, or exposure to allergens or irritants. Most children with asthma have mild or moderate exacerbations and respond well to first-line therapy (inhaled short-acting beta-agonists and systemic corticosteroids). However, the best treatment for the small proportion of seriously ill children who do not respond to first-line therapy is not well understood. Currently, a large number of treatment options are available and there is wide variation in management.

Main objective - To summarise Cochrane Reviews with or without meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of second-line treatment for children benefit from these therapies. Due to the relatively rare incidence of acute severe paediatric asthma, multi-centre research will be required to generate high-quality evidence. A number of existing Cochrane Reviews should be updated, and we recommend that a new review be conducted on the use of high-flow nasal oxygen therapy. Important priorities include development of an internationally agreed core outcome set for future trials in acute severe asthma exacerbations and determination of clinically important differences in these outcomes, which can then inform adequately powered future trials.

The etiology of biliary atresia (BA) is not known and is likely multifactorial, including a genetic predisposition, a viral or environmental trigger, an aberrant autoimmune response targeting cholangiocytes and unique susceptibilities of the neonatal bile ducts to injury. Damaged cholangiocytes may express neo self-antigens and elicit autoreactive T cell-mediated inflammation and B cell production of autoantibodies. The aim of this study was to discover novel autoantibodies in BA that correlated with outcomes.

An autoantigen microarray encompassing ~9,500 autoantigens was utilized to screen for serum IgM and IgG autoantibodies in BA patients or other liver disease controls. Validation of candidate autoantibodies by ELISA on a second cohort of subjects (6-12 months post-Kasai portoenterostomy), and correlations of autoantibodies with outcomes were performed (serum bilirubin levels and need for liver transplant in first 2 years of life). Mean anti-chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), anti-delta-like ligand (DLL-4) he first year after Kasai portoenterostomy. Anti-CHI3L1, anti-DLL-4 and anti-SFTPD IgM autoantibody correlations with worse outcomes and the detection of C3d on cholangioctyes and antigen-specific autoreactive T cells suggests that autoimmunity plays a role in the ongoing bile duct injury and progression of disease.

The novel-weapons hypothesis predicts that some plants are successful invaders because they release allelopathic compounds that are highly suppressive to naïve competitors in invaded ranges but are relatively ineffective against competitors in the native range. For its part, the evolution of enhanced weaponry hypothesis predicts that invasive populations may evolve increased expression of the allelopathic compounds. However, these predictions have rarely been tested empirically.

Here, we made aqueous extracts of roots and shoots of invasive (North American) and native (European) Brassica nigra plants. Seeds of nine species from North America and nine species from Europe were exposed to these extracts. As control solutions, we used pure distilled water and distilled water with the osmotic potential adjusted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to match that of root and shoot extracts of B.nigra.

The extracts had a strong negative effect on germination rates and seedling root lengths of target species compared to the water-control. Compared to the osmolality-adjusted controls, the extracts had a negative effect on seedling root length. We found no differences between the effects of B.nigra plant extracts from the invasive vs. native populations on germination rates and seedling root growth of target plant species. Responses were largely independent of whether the target plant species were from the invaded or native range of B.nigra.

The results show that B.nigra can interfere with other species through allelochemical interactions, but do not support predictions of the novel-weapons hypothesis and evolution of increased allelopathy.

The results show that B. nigra can interfere with other species through allelochemical interactions, but do not support predictions of the novel-weapons hypothesis and evolution of increased allelopathy.

To compare three periodontitis clusters (A, B and C) for alveolar bone loss (ABL) patterns, antibiotic prescriptions and surgeries and to relate them to the new classification of periodontitis.

ABL patterns, prescription of systemic antibiotics and the number of surgeries were retrieved for all patients (n=353) in the clusters. Comparisons and possible predictors for antibiotics were assessed, and results also evaluated in relation to the new classification.

Cluster A is characterized by angular defects often affecting the first molars and localized stage III/IV grade C periodontitis. Cluster B contains mainly localized or generalized stage III/IV, grade C patients. Cluster C contains mainly patients with generalized stage III/IV grade C periodontitis. Patients in cluster A received significantly more antibiotics compared to B and C (78% vs. 23% and 17%); the predictors for antibiotic prescription were young age and localized ABL. No differences in numbers of periodontal surgeries were observed between clusters (A=1.