Hvidberghermansen8922

5 × 1014 W/cm2, a laser wavelength of 800 nm, and a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz, as well as for varying irradiance at the laser wavelength of 1030 nm and pulse repetition rates of 50 kHz and 200 kHz. The experimental data clearly verified the predictions of the model and confirmed that significantly decreased dose rates are generated with a decreasing pulse duration when the irradiance is kept constant.The application of metallic nanoparticles leads to an increase in the efficiency of solar cells due to the plasmonic effect. We explore various scenarios of the related mechanism in the case of metallized perovskite solar cells, which operate as hybrid chemical cells without p-n junctions, in contrast to conventional cells such as Si, CIGS or thin-layer semiconductor cells. The role of metallic nano-components in perovskite cells is different than in the case of p-n junction solar cells and, in addition, the large forbidden gap and a large effective masses of carriers in the perovskite require different parameters for the metallic nanoparticles than those used in p-n junction cells in order to obtain the increase in efficiency. We discuss the possibility of activating the very poor optical plasmonic photovoltaic effect in perovskite cells via a change in the chemical composition of the perovskite and through special tailoring of metallic admixtures. Here we show that it is possible to increase the absorption of photons (optical plasmonic effect) and simultaneously to decrease the binding energy of excitons (related to the inner electrical plasmonic effect, which is dominant in perovskite cells) in appropriately designed perovskite structures with multishell elongated metallic nanoparticles to achieve an increase in efficiency by means of metallization, which is not accessible in conventional p-n junction cells. We discuss different methods for the metallization of perovskite cells against the background of a review of various attempts to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit for solar cell efficiency, especially in the case of the perovskite cell family.When processed at a low temperature of 200 °C, organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with pentacene channel adopting high-k Neodymium-Titanium oxynitride mixtures (NdTiON) with various Ti contents as gate dielectrics are fabricated. The Ti content in the NdTiON is varied by co-sputtering a Ti target at 0 W, 10 W, 20 W and 30 W, respectively, while fixing the sputtering power of an Nd target at 45 W. High-performance OTFT is obtained for the 20 W-sputtered Ti, including a small threshold voltage of -0.71 V and high carrier mobility of 1.70 cm2/V·s. The mobility improvement for the optimal Ti content can be attributed to smoother dielectric surface and resultant larger overlying pentacene grains as reflected by Atomic Force Microscopy measurements. Moreover, this sample with the optimal Ti content shows much higher mobility than its counterpart processed at a higher temperature of 400 °C (0.8 cm2/V·s) because it has a thinner gate-dielectric/gate-electrode interlayer for stronger screening on the remote phonon scattering by the gate electrode. In addition, a high dielectric constant of around 10 is obtained for the NdTiON gate dielectric that contributes to a threshold voltage smaller than 1 V for the pentacene OTFT, implying the high potential of the Nd-Ti oxynitride in future high-performance organic devices.Poly aluminum-ferric Chloride (PAFC) is a new type of high efficiency coagulant. Selleckchem Panobinostat In this study, high iron type gangue is used as a main raw material. It is calcined at 675 °C for 1 h and 3% CaF2 is added to the calcined powder and reacted with 20% hydrochloric acid at 93 °C for 4 h. The leaching ratio of aluminum ions is 90% and that of iron ions is 91%. After Fe2+ ions are oxidized in the filtrate, CaCO3 is used to adjust the pH of the filtrate to 0.7. The microwave power is adjusted to 80 W and the filtrate is radiated for 5 min. After being aged for 24 h, PAFC product is obtained. The prepared PAFC is used to treat mine water and compared with the results of PAC and PAF, the turbidity removal ratio of PAFC is 99.6%, which is greater than 96.4% of PAC and 93.7% of PAF. PAFC is a mixture with different degrees of polymerization. It demonstrates that extracting aluminum and iron ions from high iron content gangue to prepare PAFC by microwave is efficient and feasible.Ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) have attracted attention as devices for advanced memory applications owing to their high operating speed, low operating energy, and excellent scalability. In particular, hafnia ferroelectric materials are very promising because of their high remanent polarization (below 10 nm) and high compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes. In this study, a Si-doped HfO2-based FTJ device with a metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor (MFIS) structure was proposed to maximize the tunneling electro-resistance (TER) effect. The potential barrier modulation effect under applied varying voltage was analyzed, and the possibility of its application as a non-volatile memory device was presented through stability assessments such as endurance and retention tests.Considerable efforts are underway to rationally design and synthesize novel electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors (SCs). However, the creation of suitable materials with high capacitance remains a big challenge for energy storage devices. Herein, unique three-dimensional (3D) ZnO hexagonal cubes on carbon cloth (ZnO@CC) were synthesized by invoking a facile and economical hydrothermal method. The mesoporous ZnO@CC electrode, by virtue of its high surface area, offers rich electroactive sites for the fast diffusion of electrolyte ions, resulting in the enhancement of the SC's performance. The ZnO@CC electrode demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 352.5 and 250 F g-1 at 2 and 20 A g-1, respectively. The ZnO@CC electrode revealed a decent stability of 84% over 5000 cycles at 20 A g-1 and an outstanding rate-capability of 71% at a 10-fold high current density with respect to 2 A g-1. Thus, the ZnO@CC electrode demonstrated improved electrochemical performance, signifying that ZnO as is promising candidate for SCs applications.Laser welding is an innovative method that is frequently used and required by different disciplines and represents a technique of choice in a wide range of applications due to important advantages such as precision, speed, and flexibility. However, the welding method must be used properly otherwise it may deteriorate the mechanical properties of the welded metal and its environment. Therefore, the laser parameters should be precisely determined and carefully applied to the sample. The primary objective of this study was to investigate and propose optimal welding parameters that should be adjusted during the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd YAG)-pulsed laser welding of austenitic stainless steel 316L in an air welding environment by using Argon shielding gas and in wet welding settings in serum medium. The investigation of the welding process in serum medium was conducted in order to propose the most suitable welding parameters being important for future possible medical applications of laser welding in in-vivo settings and thus to investigate the possibilities of the welding process inside the human body. In order to evaluate the quality of welding in air and of wet welding (in serum), a detailed parameter study has been conducted by variation of the laser energy, the welding speed and the focal position. The relationship between the depth of penetration and specific point energy (SPE) was also evaluated. The microstructure of the welded metal was examined by an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the microscopy results, it was found that the largest depth of penetration (1380 µm) was achieved with 19 J laser energy in air medium, while the depth reached the largest value (1240 µm) in serum medium at 28 J laser energy. The increasing energy level showed opposite behavior for air and serum. The results of our study imply that when welding of 316L stainless steel is implemented properly in the body fluid, it would be a promising start for future in-vivo studies.Full-field measurements can provide a more complete description of the behavior of human whole tooth under load. To that end, in vitro experiments were carried out to measure the full-field buccal surface strains of human premolars free of caries and abrasion using digital image correlation (DIC). Experimental results show that both the value field and the orientation field of strains can be observed exactly, both of which contain a wealth of information. Furthermore, the strain distributions between the crown and the root of specimens were significantly different (p < 0.001). An interesting observation was a watershed at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) which separates the orientation field of strains into two distinct parts; the watershed was also observed in the value field of strains in some specimens whose geometries changed obviously at the CEJ. Another interesting observation was that the minor strains increased linearly from cervical to apical regions in the root cementum. Experimental results also support the viewpoint that mechanisms of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) may in part be due to the changing orientation of tensile strains, as well as their magnitude, and they also support the hypothesis that occlusal force can contribute to root fractures.Considerable research has been conducted in the past decade and a half regarding the bio-lubricants potential to replace mineral-based lubricants as mainstream lubricants such as engine oil, hydraulic oil, compressor oil, and metalworking oil. This study studied several bio-lubricants (rapeseed oil, palm olein, and soybean oil) and a mineral-based lubricant, SAE40. The bio-lubricants have better physiochemical, tribological characteristics and environmental friendly nature, and are promising to replace mineral-based lubricants. In this study, a journal bearing test rig (JBTR) was developed in order to investigate the effect of journal speed on the temperature of oil film with time. Additionally, the load-carrying capacity of bio-oils was tested against the mineral-based lubricant SAE40 by adding a load on the journal. For all three speeds, i.e., 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm, the bio-lubricants recorded minimum temperature. At 1000 rpm, rapeseed oil recorded a 9.2% lower temperature than SAE40. Similarly, at 2000 rpm, rapeseed oil recorded a minimum temperature that was 2.5% lower than SAE40; in comparison, at 1500 rpm, palm olein recorded a minimum temperature that was 1.8% less than SAE40. Overall, the results of this study revealed that bio-oils recorded a lower temperature rise than mineral oil. These results are very encouraging for further research in this area.Adsorption and interaction of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) molecules on the surface of bare Al-Mo(110) system and on that obtained by its in situ oxidation have been studied in ultra-high vacuum (base pressure ca. 10-8 Pa) by means of Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AES, XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), reflection-absorption infrared and thermal desorption spectroscopy (RAIRS, TDS), and by the work function measurements. In order to achieve the Al-Mo(110) alloy the thin aluminum film of a few monolayers thick was in situ deposited onto the Mo(110) crystal and then annealed at 800 K. As a result of Al atoms diffusion into the Mo(110) subsurface region and the chemical reaction, the surface alloy of a hexagonal atomic symmetry corresponding to Al2Mo alloy is formed. The feature of thus formed surface alloy regarding molecular adsorption is that, unlike the bare Mo(110) and Al(111) substrates, on which both CO and NO dissociate, adsorption on the alloy surface is non-dissociative.