Houstonmouritzen6267

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a complex arrhythmogenic disease displaying electrical and micro-structural abnormalities mainly located at the epicardium of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). It is well-known that fibrosis, fatty infiltration, inflammation and reduced gap junction expression have been demonstrated at the epicardial anterior aspect of the RVOT providing the arrhythmogenic substrate for ventricular arrhythmic events in BrS. A number of models have been proposed for the risk stratification of patients with BrS. Endocardial unipolar electroanatomical mapping is an emerging tool that has been reintroduced to identify and quantify epicardial electrical abnormalities. Interestingly, current findings correlate the presence of large-sized endocardial unipolar electroanatomical abnormalities with either ventricular fibrillation inducibility during programmed ventricular stimulation or symptom status. This review aims to present existing data about the role of endocardial unipolar electroanatomical mapping for the identification of RVOT epicardial abnormalities as well as its potential clinical implications in risk stratification of BrS.Despite continuous technological developments, transvenous pacemakers (PM) are still associated with significant immediate and long-term complications, mostly lead or pocket-related. Recent technological advances brought to the introduction in clinical practice of leadless PM for selected cohort of patients. These miniaturize devices are implanted through the femoral vein and advanced to the right ventricle, without leaving leads in place. Lack of upper extremity vascular access and/or high infective risk in patients requiring VVI pacing are the most common indications to leadless PM. The recently introduced MICRA AV leadless PM also allows ventricular synchronization through mechanical sensing of atrial contraction waves, thus solving the problem of AV synchronization. This review will discuss and summarize available clinical evidence on leadless PM, their performance compared to transvenous devices, current applications and future perspectives.There is a higher rate of successful recanalization of patients with coronary chronic total occlusions, nevertheless, the rate of patients referred for revascularization remains low. In addition, there is a greater need to improve long-term outcomes of chronic total occlusions after percutaneous coronary intervention, and although the implantation of new-generation drug-eluting stents has been optimized with coronary imaging guidance, the rate of stenting failure remains a major issue and long-term vessel patency could be improved. We reviewed clinical data regarding the benefit of treating chronic total occlusions and the use of drug-coated balloons as an alternative therapeutic modality in this setting. Although clinical data is limited, the initial evidence and the daily clinical practice point towards a synergistic hybrid treatment strategy based on the combination of drug-coated balloons plus drug-eluting stents, reducing the total stent length and maintaining the scaffolding properties of stents where it is mandatory. Additionally, drug-coated balloons allow natural enlargement of the open vessel after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which is a major limitation of stents in chronic total occlusion (CTO).Plant functional traits is connected with vegetation adaptability to the environment. The trade-off between plant functional traits reflects resource reintegration and acquisition under grazing pressures. We summarized the differences of plant functional traits under grazing disturbance, focused on the linkages between grazing disturbance and plant functional traits. We introduced that the variation of plant functional traits resulted from the coordination between plant genetic characteristics and environmental filtration, summarized the effects of grazing on nutritional and reproductive traits, and noted that plants could use survival and reproductive strategies to adapt to the grazing disturbance. We mainly focused on the effects of grazing on plant population, community and ecosystem. The expression of plant functional traits was different under grazing disturbance. Therefore, plant functional traits could be used as indicators to explain population growth and reproduction, community assembly, and ecosystem function. In order to better serve the ecological environment of grassland with plant functional traits, reasonable grazing resis-tant species could be screened according to plant functional traits. Based on life history characteristics of grassland plant population, the scientific grazing mechanism should be formulated, and the responses of plant functional traits and resource allocation to grazing disturbance should be conducted from the perspective of individual-based level in the future.Sulfur oxidation-reduction process (SORP) in marsh soil is an important link in sulfur cycle, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability and health of marsh. We summarized the SORP in marsh soil and its influencing factors, and analyzed the research progress of its coupling effects with other elements. The influencing factors of SORP in marsh soil mainly involved biotic (plants, microorganisms, zoobenthos, human activities, etc.) and abiotic factors (physical factors such as temperature, moisture and particle size, and chemical factors such as pH, salinity, organic matter, etc.). STF-083010 in vitro Related research on the coupling effects of SORP and other elements in marsh soil mainly involved in biogenic elements such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and metal elements such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Currently, the underlying mechanism of SORP was not deeply explored, the research on coupling effects was unbalance, and the ecological effects were insufficient. In the future, key functional microorganisms involved in SORP should be strengthened, the coupling mechanism between SORP and micro-elements should be enhanced, and the ecological effects produced by the coupling effects of SORP with other elements should be emphasized.To investigate the ion regulation of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) under hypoxia and acidification stresses, we investigated the effects of hypoxia (dissolved oxygen DO 3.5 mg·L-1, pH 8.1), acidification (DO 7.0 mg·L-1, pH 7.35) and combined stresses of hypoxia and acidification (DO 3.5 mg·L-1, pH 7.35) on gill tissue structure and physiological indices related to ion regulation of juvenile L. croaker. The results showed that, under hypoxia stress, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, serum Na+, Ca2+ and Cl- contents of juvenile L. croaker decreased first and then increased. Under acidification stress, gill Ca2+-ATPase activity, serum Na+ and Ca2+ contents of juvenile L. croaker increased first and then decreased. Under the combined stresses of hypoxia and acidification, Na+/K+-ATPase activity and Na+, K+ and Ca2+ contents increased first and then decreased, while Ca2+-ATPase activity and Cl- content decreased first and then increased. The results of gill histology showed that hypoxia and acidification stresses led to the detachment of gill epithelial cells, and the combined stresses of hypoxia and acidification led to proliferation, hypertrophy and swelling of gill epithelial cells. Comprehensive analysis showed that hypoxia and acidification stress affected the activities of major ion regulatory enzymes in juvenile L. croaker and caused different degrees of damage to gill tissue, resulting in imbalanced ion regulation in juvenile L. croaker.Based on the investigation data of 44 stations in the area 28°－35° N, 147°－154° E of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean by the research ship 'Songhang' in March 2019, we analyzed species composition and distribution of zooplankton to understand zooplankton community structure in the subtropical areas of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. The results showed that a total of 456 zooplankton species (including planktonic larvae and unidentified species) were recorded in the surveyed area, which were belonged to 8 categories and 14 groups. There were 163 species of copepods, as the dominant group. The dominant species included 9 warm-water species, Eudoxoides spiralis, Neocalanus gracilis, Pleuromamma gracilis, Sagitta enflata, Doliolum nationalis, S. hexaptera, Euchirella rostrata, Nannocalanus minor and Mesocalanus tenuicornis, and one temperate species, Calanus jashnovi. Both the warm current indicator species S. hexaptera and the cold current indicator species C. jashnovi occurred simultaneously in the subtropical area, indicating that the Kuroshio Current and the Oyashio Current had an important impact on the diversity and temporal-spatial distribution of marine zooplankton. The average biomass was (31.64±23.81) mg·m-3, and the average abundance was (22.2±17.6) ind·m-3. The average values of purity index (C), eveness index (J), Shannon diversity index (H) and richness index (D) were 0.09±0.10, 0.76±0.10, 4.88±0.71, and 23.53±8.08, respectively. The spatial distribution of the four indices were uneven and irregular. During the study period, species composition of zooplankton in the Northwest Pacific was rich, species distribution was uneven, and community structure was stable.Smoke injection height is a key driving factor for plume transport, which determines the lifetime of smoke aerosol in the atmosphere, transport path and diffusion along with the wind, and impacts on atmospheric environment. In this study, raw data obtained from the latest multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) plume height project was extracted and analzyed. The variation of smoke injection heights of wildfire in China was investigated with statistical analysis methods. The effects of fire characteristics (combustion biomass type and fire radiative power) on the smoke injection height were explored. Meanwhile, the influence of smoke injection heights on the atmospheric environment was discussed based on the proportion of higher injection height plumes and the value of smoke aerosol optical depth (AOD). The results showed that smoke injection heights from wildfire ranged from 345 to 7719 m, with 57.1% of which ranging from 500 to 1000 m. Except for an abnormally high value of smoke injection height from a large grassland fire, the rest of smoke injection heights were lower than 3000 m. The biomass type for combustion was an important factor affecting smoke injection heights. The injection heights of the plume caused by forest fire were the highest and had the greatest variability. Smoke injection heights increased with the fire radiation power, but with obvious dispersion (R2=0.19). By setting a simple threshold, the proportion of higher injection plumes which might cause long-distance transportation of air pollutants in China was 10.5%. Combined with the analysis of smoke AOD, it was found that the average smoke injection height from cropland burning was the lowest, but their smoke caused the highest regional air pollution. In contrast, although forest fires could produce the highest smoke injection height, their smoke had a lower average value of AOD, which indicated a relatively weak impact of forest fires on regional air quality.