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Nanotechnology is an area of science in which new materials are developed. The correlation between nanotechnology and microbiology is essential for the development of new drugs and vaccines. The main advantage of combining these areas is to associate the latest technology in order to obtain new ways for solving problems related to microorganisms. This review seeks to investigate nanoparticle formation's antimicrobial properties, primarily when connected to the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The development of new sustainable methods for nanoparticle production has been instrumental in designing alternative, non-toxic, energy-friendly, and environmentally friendly routes. In this sense, it is necessary to study silver nanoparticles' green synthesis concerning their antimicrobial properties. Antimicrobial silver nanoparticles' mechanisms demonstrate efficiency to gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. However, attention is needed with the emergence of resistance to these antimicrobials. This article seeks to relate the parameters of green silver- based nanosystems with the efficiency of antimicrobial activity.Since its origin in the Wuhan province of China in December 2019, Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has spread to most parts of the world and has infected millions of people. However, the significant variability in the mortality rate across the world indicates some underlying factors, especially the immunity factors that may have a potential role in this variability. One such factor that is being discussed and tested is the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. The available evidence suggests that BCG vaccination provides broad protection against respiratory infections as well as other infections. Therefore, BCG may prove to be a barrier for COVID-19 infection and may offer a ray of hope. In this review, we contrasted BCG vaccination program with COVID-19 mortality and analyzed trained immunity and cross protection against unrelated pathogens due to BCG vaccination. On analyzing the available data, we observed that countries without universal BCG vaccination policy are severely affected, while countries having universal BCG policies are less affected. Based on these data, we propose that the SARS-CoV-2 related qualified immunity, cross protection against unrelated pathogens and COVID-19 impact variations could be partly explained by the different national policies regarding BCG childhood vaccination. The combination of reduced morbidity and mortality may make BCG vaccination a potential new tool in the fight against COVID-19.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that exerts a huge burden on our society. The occurrence of this neurodegenerative disease has been aggregating day-by-day. This disease can be a serious concern if the patients are left untreated. However, conventional treatment has many side-effects and less bioavailability in the brain. Therefore, the necessary measurement is required to solve the limitations. Nanotechnology has been introduced to us to deliver smart solutions to these circumstances. Nanotechnology has developed to provide efficient therapies that have reduced side-effects and have increased bioavailability in the brain. This review emphasizes the emerging promise of nanoparticle-based treatment, drug delivery, and other therapeutic approaches. Besides, the advantages of different approaches on nanotechnology platforms are far better over conventional therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

This study was performed to identify the alterations of Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) induced by oxidative stress and investigate the functional roles of SNHG16 in the pathological angiogenesis by human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HMRECs).

The expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs induced by oxidative stress were identified by RNA-Seq, and the dysregulation of 16 lncRNAs including SNHG16 were verified in H2O2-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Luciferase reporter assay and RIP analysis were used to investigate the binding relationship of SNHG16 to miR-195.

We confirmed that over-expression of SNGH16 attenuated H2O2-induced angiogenesis by HMRECs. Choline order In addition, SNHG16 was significantly decreased whereas miR-195, a predictive target of SNHG16, was upregulated in H2O2, HG, and AGE-treated HMRECs. The binding relationship of SNHG16 to miR-195 was subsequently verified by luciferase reporter assay and RIP analysis. SNHG16 cotransfection abolished miR-195-mediated repression on mitofusin 2 (mfn2) protein level and counteracted the inductive effect of miR-195 on angiogenesis by HMRECs.

These results indicated that decreased SNHG16 accelerates oxidative stress induced pathological angiogenesis in HMRECs by regulating miR-195/mfn2 axis, providing a potential target for diabetic retinopathy (DR) therapy.

These results indicated that decreased SNHG16 accelerates oxidative stress induced pathological angiogenesis in HMRECs by regulating miR-195/mfn2 axis, providing a potential target for diabetic retinopathy (DR) therapy.Skeletal muscle atrophy has been characterizedas a state of uncontrolled inflammation and oxidative stress that escalates the protein catabolism. Recent advancement supportsthat impinging signaling molecules in the muscle fibers controlled throughtoll-like receptors (TLR). Activated TLR signalingpathways have been identified as inhibitors of muscle mass and provoke the settings for muscle atrophy. Among them, mainly TLR2 and TLR4 manifest their presence to exacerbate the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine to deform the synchronized muscle programming. The present review enlightens the TLR signaling mediated muscle loss and their interplay betweeninflammationand skeletal muscle growth.

In the past a few decades, with the abuse of antibiotics, bacterial resistance has enhanced constantly. More and more super species of bacteria, which are seriously threatening human health, have been discovered. Developing novel antibacterial agents to overcome the drug-resistance is an urgent duty. We all know that blocking the information-transfer of bacterial DNA and RNA is one of the effective ways to inhibit bacterial growth. Therefore, as the indispensable enzyme for DNA replication and transcription, DNA gyrase is one of the important targets for bacterial inhibitors. Accordingly, many inhibitors of DNA gyrase have also been developed.

In this review, to highlight the recent progress in DNA gyrase inhibitors, the study in this field over the past three years (2017-2019) were summarized and organized based on their backbones or core moieties. Both of the subunits of DNA gyrase were taken into consideration.

These DNA gyrasee inhibitors have been classified based on their backbones or core moieties.