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Despite Singapore's strict tobacco control policies, smoking rates have not decreased since 2004. We examined the primary targets, motivations and strategies behind targeted marketing activities in Singapore from the tobacco industry's perspective to understand how tobacco companies continue to target people in their marketing.

Snowball search in the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents Library for documents covering the industry's targeted marketing activities in Singapore. selleck products Information from the documents was subsequently triangulated with market data obtained from the Euromonitor Passport database, analysed for trends by tar segment and data from cigarette packs purchased from Singapore retailers, analysed in terms of product positioning.

In the 1970s and 1980s, as young people in Singapore became more health-conscious, tobacco companies positioned 'light' cigarettes for growth in the 1990s. Many of these 'lights' contained similar tar and nicotine levels as regular brands; they were only light in their brcts, explicit or implicit, coupled with improving health literacy and exposing industry deception, could help to further bring down smoking prevalence in Singapore.

To test the hypothesis that poststroke fatigue, a chronic, pathologic fatigue condition, is driven by altered effort perception.

Fifty-eight nondepressed, mildly impaired stroke survivors with varying severity of fatigue completed the study. Self-reported fatigue (trait and state), perceived effort (PE; explicit and implicit), and motor performance were measured in a handgrip task. Trait fatigue was measured with the Fatigue Severity Scale-7 and Neurologic Fatigue Index. State fatigue was measured with a visual analog scale (VAS). Length of hold at target force, overshoot above target force, and force variability in handgrip task were measures of motor performance. PE was measured with a VAS (explicit PE) and line length estimation, a novel implicit measure of PE.

Regression analysis showed that 11.6% of variance in trait fatigue was explained by implicit PE (

= 0.34;

= 0.012). Greater fatigue was related to longer length of hold at target force (

= 0.421,

< 0.001). A backward regression showed that length of hold explained explicit PE in the 20% force condition (

= 0.306,

= 0.021) and length of hold and overshoot above target force explained explicit PE in the 40% (

= 0.399,

= 0.014 and 0.004) force condition. In the 60% force condition, greater explicit PE was explained by higher force variability (

= 0.315,

= 0.017). None of the correlations were significant for state fatigue.

Trait fatigue, but not state fatigue, correlating with measures of PE and motor performance, may suggest that altered perception may lead to high fatigue mediated by changes in motor performance. This finding furthers our mechanistic understanding of poststroke fatigue.

Trait fatigue, but not state fatigue, correlating with measures of PE and motor performance, may suggest that altered perception may lead to high fatigue mediated by changes in motor performance. This finding furthers our mechanistic understanding of poststroke fatigue.

To determine whether there are sex differences in the association between risk factors and incident stroke, including stroke subtypes.

A total of 471,971 (56% women) UK Biobank participants without a history of cardiovascular disease were included. During 9 years of follow-up, 4,662 (44% women) cases of stroke were recorded. Cox models yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and women-to-men ratios of HRs (RHRs) for stroke associated with 7 risk factors.

The incidence rate per 10,000 person-years was 8.66 (8.29-9.04) in women and 13.96 (13.44-14.50) in men for any stroke, 6.06 (5.75-6.38) in women and 11.35 (10.88; 11.84) in men for ischemic stroke, and 1.56 (1.41-1.73) in women and 2.23 (2.02-2.45) in men for hemorrhagic stroke. The association between increases in blood pressure, body anthropometry, and lipids, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation and any stroke was similar between men and women. Hypertension, smoking, and a low socioeconomic status were associated with a greater HR of any stroke in women than men; the RHRs were 1.36 (1.26-1.47), 1.18 (1.02-1.36), and 1.17 (1.03-1.33), respectively. Diabetes was associated with a higher HR of ischemic stroke in women than men (RHR 1.25 [1.00-1.56]). Atrial fibrillation was associated with a higher HR of hemorrhagic stroke in women than men (RHR 2.80 [1.07-7.36]).

Several risk factors are more strongly associated with the risk of any stroke or stroke subtypes in women compared with men. Despite this, the incidence of stroke remains higher among men than women.

Several risk factors are more strongly associated with the risk of any stroke or stroke subtypes in women compared with men. Despite this, the incidence of stroke remains higher among men than women.

To determine whether MRI-based cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) burden assessment, in addition to clinical and CT data, improved prediction of cognitive impairment after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

We analyzed data from ICH survivors enrolled in a single-center prospective study. We employed 3 validated CSVD burden scores global, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-specific, and hypertensive arteriopathy (HTNA)-specific. We quantified cognitive performance by administering the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status test. We utilized linear mixed models to model cognitive decline rates, and survival models for new-onset dementia. We calculated CSVD scores' cutoffs to maximize predictive performance for dementia diagnosis.

We enrolled 612 ICH survivors, and followed them for a median of 46.3 months (interquartile range 35.5-58.7). A total of 214/612 (35%) participants developed dementia. Higher global CSVD scores at baseline were associated with faster cognitive decline (coefficient -0.25, standard error [SE] 0.02) and dementia risk (sub-hazard ratio 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.65). The global score outperformed the CAA and HTNA scores in predicting post-ICH dementia (all

< 0.05). Compared to a model including readily available clinical and CT data, inclusion of the global CSVD score resulted in improved prediction of post-ICH dementia (area under the curve [AUC] 0.89, SE 0.02 vs AUC 0.81, SE 0.03,

= 0.008 for comparison). Global CSVD scores ≥2 had highest sensitivity (83%) and specificity (91%) for dementia diagnosis.

A validated MRI-based CSVD score is associated with cognitive performance after ICH and improved diagnostic accuracy for predicting new onset of dementia.

A validated MRI-based CSVD score is associated with cognitive performance after ICH and improved diagnostic accuracy for predicting new onset of dementia.