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(43.1 vs. 77.1% of lying events) compared with single stalls. These results suggest that dairy cows housed in double stalls modified their resting habits and used the extra space made available to them. Increasing stall width beyond the current recommendation is likely to benefit the cows by improving their ability to rest.Stimulation of Ca2+ absorption can counteract hypocalcemia at the onset of lactation. The plant bioactive lipid compound (PBLC) menthol is an agonist for nonselective cation channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. It acutely stimulated Ca2+ absorption in ruminal epithelia of nonadapted animals ex vivo and caused higher plasma Ca2+ concentrations in cows and sheep in vivo. To elucidate the pathway by which menthol feeding increases plasma Ca2+ level, the present study aimed to investigate the long-term dose-dependent effects of dietary menthol-rich PBLC on Ca2+ absorption and mRNA abundances of TRP channels in both rumen and jejunum. Twenty-four growing Suffolk sheep were equally distributed to a Con, PBLC-L, and PBLC-H group, which received 0, 80, and 160 mg/d of a menthol-rich PBLC. After 4 wk, ruminal and jejunal epithelia were analyzed for mRNA abundances of TRPA1, TRPV3, TRPV5-6, and TRPM6-8 genes. The Ca2+ flux rates and electrophysiological properties of epithelia from rumen and mid-js mainly active and transcellular in the rumen. It most likely involves TRPV3 that can be stimulated by menthol. Pre-feeding of menthol-rich PBLC enhances ruminal Ca2+ absorption and sensitizes it to acute stimulation by menthol. By contrast, intestinal Ca2+ absorption is not sensitive to menthol stimulation. Menthol could be used as a tool to enhance ruminal Ca2+ absorption and to prevent hypocalcemia in dairy cows.The experiment was conducted to understand ruminal effects of diet modification during moderate milk fat depression (MFD) and ruminal effects of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBa) and isoacids on alleviating MFD. Five ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with the following 5 dietary treatments (dry matter basis) a high-forage and low-starch control diet with 1.5% safflower oil (HF-C); a low-forage and high-starch control diet with 1.5% safflower oil (LF-C); the LF-C diet supplemented with HMTBa (0.11%; 28 g/d; LF-HMTBa); the LF-C diet supplemented with isoacids [(IA) 0.24%; 60 g/d; LF-IA]; and the LF-C diet supplemented with HMTBa and IA (LF-COMB). The experiment consisted of 5 periods with 21 d per period (14-d diet adaptation and 7-d sampling). Ruminal samples were collected to determine fermentation characteristics (0, 1, 3, and 6 h after feeding), long-chain fatty acid (FA) profile (6 h after feeding), and bacterial community structure by analyzing 16S gene amplicmentation increased ruminal concentration of all branched-chain volatile FA and valerate and increased the percentage of trans-10 C18 isomers in total FA. In addition, α-diversity and the number of functional features were increased for IA. Changes in the abundances of bacterial phyla and genera were minimal for IA. Interactions between HMTBa and IA were observed for ruminal variables and some bacterial taxa abundances. In conclusion, increasing diet fermentability (LF-C vs. HF-C) influenced rumen fermentation and bacterial community structure without major changes in FA profile. Supplementation of HMTBa increased biohydrogenation capacity, and supplemental IA increased bacterial diversity, possibly alleviating MFD. The combination of HMTBa and IA had no associative effects in the rumen and need further studies to understand the interactive mechanism.α-Lactalbumin (α-LA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) were isolated from yak milk and identified by mass spectrometry. The variant of α-LA (L8IIC8) in yak milk had 123 amino acids, and the sequence differed from α-LA from bovine milk. The amino acid at site 71 was Asn (N) in domestic yak milk, but Asp (D) in bovine and wild yak milk sequences. Yak β-LG had 2 variants, β-LG A (P02754) and β-LG E (L8J1Z0). Both domestic yak and wild yak milk contained β-LG E, but it was absent in bovine milk. The amino acid at site 158 of β-Lg E was Gly (G) in yak but Glu (E) in bovine. The yak α-LA and β-LG secondary structures were slightly different from those in bovine milk. The denaturation temperatures of yak α-LA and β-LG were 52.1°C and 80.9°C, respectively. This study provides insights relevant to food functionality, food safety control, and the biological properties of yak milk products.Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent pathogens causing intramammary infections in dairy herds. Consequently, virulence factors, pathobiology, and epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus strains have been widely assessed through the years. Nevertheless, not much has been described about the epidemiology of Staph. aureus strains from bulk tank milk (BTM) and adherences on milking equipment (AMES), even when these strains may play a role in the quality of milk that is intended for human consumption. The objective of this study was to assess the strain diversity of 166 Staph. aureus isolates collected from 3 consecutive BTM samples, and from AMES in contact with milk from 23 Chilean dairy farms. Isolates were analyzed and typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Diversity of strains, both within and among farms, was assessed using Simpson's index of diversity (SID). On farms where Staph. aureus was isolated from both AMES and BTM (n = 8), pulsotypes were further analyzed to evaluate the role of AMights the role of viable Staph. aureus in AMES as a source for BTM contamination on dairy farms, and also describes the overlapping and presence of specific BTM and AMES pulsotypes among farms.Pair housing of dairy heifer calves during the preweaning period helps meet the natural social needs of the calf and has been shown to improve growth and starter intake during the preweaning period as compared with individual housing. However, there is little evidence to suggest that pair-housed calves maintain their social and growth advantages past the weaning phase. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pair housing on measures of calf performance, health, and behavior up to 16 wk of age. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/motolimod-vtx-2337.html Healthy Holstein and crossbred heifer calves were enrolled in the study after colostrum feeding, with the first calf randomly assigned to 1 of 2 housing treatments pair (PR; 2 hutches with common outdoor space) or individual (INDV; 1 hutch plus outdoor space). All calves were bucket fed 4 L of milk replacer twice daily and weaned at 50 d of age. Weaned calves (6/group) remained with their treatment group until exit from the study at 16 wk. A venous blood sample was collected from each calf between 24 h and 7 d of age to test for serum total protein (g/dL).