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tact. Position-dependent variance in injury mechanism may help guide injury prevention efforts in these athletes.

Although most NFL players sustained ACL tears via a noncontact mechanism (ie, through indirect or no contact), players with an elevated BMI, especially on the offensive line, were more likely to injure their ACL through direct contact. Position-dependent variance in injury mechanism may help guide injury prevention efforts in these athletes.

There is growing interest in various biological supplements to improve tendon healing in patients after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. The ideal biological supplement to strengthen rotator cuff remains unknown.

To assess the safety and efficacy of autologous cultured dermal fibroblast (ADF) injection on tendon-to-bone healing in patients after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Included were 6 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between June 2018 and March 2020; all patients had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear (>2 cm) involving the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. The patients were injected with ADF between the repaired tendon and footprint during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair using the suture bridge technique. The safety of ADFs and the procedure was evaluated at 5 weeks postoperatively, and the anatomical healing of the repaired tendon was accessed at 6 months postoperatively using magnetic resonance imaging and at 12 months u healing after rotator cuff repair. A simple and easily accessible ADF injection may be a novel treatment option for increasing the healing capacity of torn rotator cuff tendons. Further clinical research is needed to verify the study results.

Driving to the basket in basketball involves acceleration, deceleration, and lateral movements, which may expose players to increased anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. It is unknown whether players who heavily rely on driving have decreased performance on returning to play after ACL reconstruction (ACLR).

Players with a greater tendency to drive to the basket would be more likely to tear their ACL versus noninjured controls and would experience decreased performance when returning to play after ACLR.

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Season-level performance statistics and ACL injuries were aggregated for National Basketball Association (NBA) seasons between 1980 and 2017 from publicly available sources. Players' tendency to drive was calculated using 49 common season-level performance metrics. Each ACL-injured player was matched with 2 noninjured control players by age, league experience, and style of play metrics. Points, playing minutes, driving, and 3-point shooting tendencies did not alter their style of play compared with the normal changes seen with age. This information can be used to target players with certain playing styles for ACL injury prevention programs.

NBA players with increased drive tendency were more likely to tear their ACL. However, players who were able to return after ACLR did not underperform compared with controls and did not alter their style of play compared with the normal changes seen with age. This information can be used to target players with certain playing styles for ACL injury prevention programs.

Bridge-enhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair (BEAR) has noninferior patient-reported outcomes when compared with autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) at 2 years. However, the comparison of BEAR and autograft ACLR at earlier time points-including important outcomes such as resolution of knee pain and symptoms, recovery of strength, and return to sport-has not yet been reported.

It was hypothesized that the BEAR group would have higher outcomes on the International Knee Documentation Committee and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, as well as improved muscle strength, in the early postoperative period.

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

A total of 100 patients aged 13 to 35 years with complete midsubstance anterior cruciate ligament injuries were randomized to receive a suture repair augmented with an extracellular matrix implant (n = 65) or an autograft ACLR (n = 35). Outcomes were assessed at time points up to 2 years postoperatively. Mixed-model rased satisfaction about their knee function, as well as improved resolution of hamstring muscle strength throughout the 2-year follow-up period.

NCT02664545 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

NCT02664545 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Although a rare complication, septic arthritis (SA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has potentially devastating consequences for the knee joint.

To prospectively analyze, at a mean 4-year follow-up, subjective, clinical, radiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings between patients with SA and those with no septic complication after ACL reconstruction.

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Of 2006 ACL reconstructions performed between 2004 and 2014, a total of 20 patients experienced SA. All patients were treated with arthroscopic irrigation and graft-retaining debridement immediately after diagnosis and at least 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment. After the exclusion process, 18 patients were included in the SA group and 20 in the control group. At final follow-up at a mean 48 months, a physical examination, KT-1000 arthrometer laxity test, Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity score, and International Knee Documentation Committee radiographic score were completed and th outcome and return to sports. In contrast to radiograph analyses, MRI was excellent at distinguishing damage to the cartilage and can be useful in early follow-up evaluation of patients with SA after ACL reconstruction.

MRI evaluation provided signs of worsened chondral state in the SA group, which could be associated with reduced functional outcome and return to sports. In contrast to radiograph analyses, MRI was excellent at distinguishing damage to the cartilage and can be useful in early follow-up evaluation of patients with SA after ACL reconstruction.

Softball pitching is a whole-body motion that utilizes the kinetic chain to transfer the large amounts of force generated by the lower extremity to the ball. Although the lower extremity is responsible for generating most of the force in softball pitching, limited research has investigated how lower extremity kinematics vary with age.

The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity kinematics between collegiate and youth softball pitchers. It was hypothesized that there would be significant lower extremity kinematic differences between age groups.

Descriptive laboratory study.

Overall, 83 softball pitchers participated in the study 40 youth and 43 collegiate players. Kinematic data were collected using an electromagnetic motion capture system. All participants threw 3 fastballs to a catcher for a strike at regulation distance. Owing to nonnormally distributed data, Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine group differences at 5 events during the pitching motion. The alpha level was set a pises to strengthen knee and hip extension musculature and learning to eccentrically load the drive leg to activate the stretch shortening cycle.

This information can be applied to develop strength and conditioning programs for softball pitchers. Player performance may be improved through performing exercises to strengthen knee and hip extension musculature and learning to eccentrically load the drive leg to activate the stretch shortening cycle.

The treatment strategy for pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, especially in patients with open physes, remains controversial.

To assess clinical outcomes and postoperative complications after all-epiphyseal double-bundle ACL (DB-ACL) reconstruction for patients with open physes.

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Included were 102 patients aged ≤15 years who underwent ACL reconstruction at a single institution and had a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. Bemcentinib Axl inhibitor Of these patients, 18 had undergone all-epiphyseal DB-ACL reconstruction (mean age, 12.4 ± 1.2 year) and 84 had undergone conventional DB-ACL reconstruction (mean age, 14.1 ± 0.9 year). The outcomes of the all-epiphyseal group were compared with those of the conventional group. Objective clinical outcomes included KT-1000 arthrometer measurements of side-to-side difference in anterior tibial translation, Lachman test grade, and pivot-shift test grade. Radiographic angular deformity (defined as >3° of the side-to-side difference in femtion for skeletally immature patients achieved satisfactory clinical outcomes compared with conventional DB-ACL reconstruction. link2 The incidence of ipsilateral graft rupture was relatively high in both groups. The all-epiphyseal group had a significantly higher incidence of angular deformity.

All-epiphyseal DB-ACL reconstruction for skeletally immature patients achieved satisfactory clinical outcomes compared with conventional DB-ACL reconstruction. The incidence of ipsilateral graft rupture was relatively high in both groups. The all-epiphyseal group had a significantly higher incidence of angular deformity.

Although lower back injuries (LBIs) are common among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) female volleyball athletes, their incidence and etiology has not been well-defined.

To describe the epidemiology of LBIs in collegiate female volleyball athletes over a 5-year period from the academic years 2009 to 2010 and 2013 to 2014.

Descriptive epidemiology study.

The incidence and characteristics of spine injuries were identified utilizing the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program database. Rates of injury were calculated as the number of injuries by the total number of athlete-exposures (AEs). AEs were defined as any student participation in any single NCAA-sanctioned practice or competition. The injury rate was computed as the number of injuries per the total number of AEs and reported as a ration of injuries per 10,000 exposures. The ratio was then reported as overall number as well as stratified for event, time of season, and athletic NCAA division. Incidence rate ratios were then calculated to coinjuries commonly recurred (29.2%). Most injuries were new, with most athletes returning to play with 24 hours.

The rate of LBIs was high (4.89/10,000 AEs) and injuries commonly recurred (29.2%). Most injuries were new, with most athletes returning to play with 24 hours.

Both margin convergence rotator cuff repair (MC-RCR) and superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) result in improved clinical outcomes in the treatment of massive rotator cuff tears (RCTs). The question remains whether it is better to perform MC-RCR using native, albeit occasionally deficient, tissues or to perform primary SCR.

To compare the clinical results of MC-RCR versus SCR for the treatment of massive RCTs. It was hypothesized that SCR would yield better outcomes.

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Included were patients who underwent arthroscopic MC-RCR or SCR for massive RCTs performed by a single surgeon between 2014 and 2019. MC-RCR was performed if it was technically possible to close the defect; otherwise, SCR was performed. link3 Outcomes were assessed at 6 months and then annually using American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons; Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation; shortened version of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; 12-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical Component Summary; and patient satisfaction scores.