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05). MeP and PrP were the main paraben analogues, together accounting for 93.6% of Σ5parabens in all PCPs. The daily intakes of parabens through dermal absorption by Chinese adult females estimated by measurements obtained in the present study were 0.15 and 83.2 μg/kg-bw/day on basis of the application of rinse-off and leave-on PCPs, respectively. Among the eleven categories, sunscreen, body lotion and mask constituted the main exposure sources of parabens to females. The hazard quotients of parabens were far less than 1, indicating no considerable health risk for Chinese adult females.Carbon disulfide (CS2) has been reported to induce disorder of glucose metabolism. However, the associations of CS2 exposure with plasma glucose levels and risk of diabetes have not been explored in general population, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aim to examine the relationships between CS2 exposure and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, as well as diabetes, and assess the potential role of oxidative stress among the abovementioned relationships in Chinese general adults. The concentrations of urinary biomarkers of CS2 exposure (2-thiothiazolidin-4-carboxylic acid, TTCA), and biomarkers for lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane, 8-iso-PGF2α) and DNA oxidative damage (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) were measured among 3338 urban adults from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Additionally, FPG levels were tested promptly. Generalized linear models and logistic regression models were used to quantify the associations among urinary TTCA, oxidative damage markers, FPG levels and diabetes risk. Mediation analysis was employed to estimate the role of oxidative damage markers in the association between urinary TTCA and FPG levels. We discovered a significant relationship between urinary TTCA and FPG levels with regression coefficient of 0.080 (95% CI 0.002,0.157). Besides, the risk of diabetes was positively related to urinary TTCA (OR1.282, 95% CI 1.055,1.558), particularly among those who did not exercise regularly. Each 1% increase of urinary TTCA concentration was associated with a 0.096% and 0.037% increase in urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and 8-OHdG, respectively. Moreover, we found an upward trend of FPG level as urinary 8-iso-PGF2α gradually increased (Ptrend less then 0.05), and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α mediated 21.12% of the urinary TTCA-associated FPG increment. Our findings indicated that urinary CS2 metabolite was associated with increased FPG levels and diabetes risk in general population. Lipid peroxidation partly mediated the association of urinary CS2 metabolite with FPG levels.The accidental leakage of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals from enterprises poses great risks to resident health, social instability, and ecological safety. During 2005-2018, heavy metal mixed pollution accidents comprised approximately 33% of the major environmental ones in China. A Bayesian Networks-based probabilistic approach is developed to quantitatively predict ecological and human health risks for heavy metal mixed pollution accidents at the watershed scale. EGF816 To estimate the probability distributions of joint ecological exposure once a heavy metal mixed pollution accident occurs, a Copula-based joint exposure calculation method, comprised of a hydro-dynamic model, emergent heavy metal pollution transport model, and the Copula functions, is embedded. This approach was applied to the risk assessment of acute Cr6+-Hg2+ mixed pollution accidents at 76 electroplating enterprises in 24 risk sub-watersheds of the Dongjiang River downstream watershed. The results indicated that nine sub-watersheds created high ecological risks, while only five created high human health risks. In addition, the ecological and human health risk levels were highest in the tributary (the Xizhijiang River), while the ecological risk was more critical in the river network, and the human health risk was more serious in the mainstream of the Dongjiang River. The quantitative risk assessment provides a substantial support to incident prevention and control, risk management, as well as regulatory decision making for electroplating enterprises.

Childhood cancer survival is suboptimal in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Radiotherapy plays a significant role in the standard care of many patients. To assess the current status of paediatric radiotherapy, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) undertook a global survey and a review of practice in eight leading treatment centres in middle-income countries (MICs) under Coordinated Research Project E3.30.31; 'Paediatric radiation oncology practice in low and middle income countries a patterns-of-care study by the International Atomic Energy Agency.'

A survey of paediatric radiotherapy practices was distributed to 189 centres worldwide. Eight leading radiotherapy centres in MICs treating a significant number of children were selected and developed a database of individual patients treated in their centres comprising 46 variables related to radiotherapy technique.

Data were received from 134 radiotherapy centres in 42 countries. The percentage of children treated with curative intenurces that reflect the capacity and needs of LMICs is required. In some LMICs, there are already leading centres experienced in paediatric radiotherapy where patient care approximates to that in HICs. These centres have the potential to drive improvements in service, training, mentorship and research in their regions and ultimately to improve the care and outcomes for paediatric cancer patients.In differentiated thyroid cancer, radioiodine therapy (RIT) is usually carried out after thyroidectomy. Although the potent beneficial effects of radioiodine are undisputed in high-risk patients, much controversy remains surrounding many aspects of RIT in low- and intermediate-risk patients. Other than the indication for postoperative RIT, controversies also include, among others, the intent of RIT and the choice of activity for RIT or the mode of thyroid stimulating hormone stimulation. Furthermore, there is even controversy on the definition of what constitutes low- or intermediate-risk patients. Here the various issues will be discussed and an overview of the different points of view in a number of more prominent national and international guidelines and current literature is presented.Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR) is the process occurring in mature B cells that diversifies the effector component of antibody responses. CSR is initiated by the activity of the B cell-specific enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which leads to the formation of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the Ig heavy chain (Igh) locus. Mature B cells use a multilayered and complex regulatory framework to ensure that AID-induced DNA breaks are channeled into productive repair reactions leading to CSR, and to avoid aberrant repair events causing lymphomagenic chromosomal translocations. Here, we review the DNA repair pathways acting on AID-induced DSBs and their functional interplay, with a particular focus on the latest developments in their molecular composition and mechanistic regulation.New findings on the chemistry of the amino acids, their role in protein folding, and their sequential primordial introduction have uncovered concealed causalities in genetic code evolution. The genetically encoded amino acids successively provided (i) membrane anchors, (ii) halophilic protein folds, (iii) mesophilic protein folds, (iv) metal ligation, and (v) antioxidation.

In this study, we present a single-sided locking side-to-side (STS) suture technique as a possible alternative for the Pulvertaft weave in tendon transfers. The aim of the study was to compare the biomechanical characteristics of the single-sided locking STS reconstruction with Pulvertaft and double-sided nonlocking STS reconstructions.

Twenty-four human cadaveric extensor digitorum communis tendons and 24 flexor digitorum superficialis tendons were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, resulting in a total of 8 flexor tendons and 8 extensor tendons per group Pulvertaft, double-sided nonlocking STS, and single-sided locking STS reconstructions. Load to failure was measured with a tensile testing machine. Increase in cross-sectional area was used as a measure of bulkiness at the reconstruction site.

In extensor tendons, single-sided locking STS reconstructions showed a higher load to failure than Pulvertaft reconstructions, whereas no difference was found in load to failure between single-sided locking andnatomical evidence that the single-sided locking STS reconstruction yields a higher strength and is less bulky than the Pulvertaft reconstruction in tendon transfers.

This study provides anatomical evidence that the single-sided locking STS reconstruction yields a higher strength and is less bulky than the Pulvertaft reconstruction in tendon transfers.For compression fracture detection and evaluation, an automatic X-ray image segmentation technique that combines deep-learning and level-set methods is proposed. Automatic segmentation is much more difficult for X-ray images than for CT or MRI images because they contain overlapping shadows of thoracoabdominal structures including lungs, bowel gases, and other bony structures such as ribs. Additional difficulties include unclear object boundaries, the complex shape of the vertebra, inter-patient variability, and variations in image contrast. Accordingly, a structured hierarchical segmentation method is presented that combines the advantages of two deep-learning methods. Pose-driven learning is used to selectively identify the five lumbar vertebrae in an accurate and robust manner. With knowledge of the vertebral positions, M-net is employed to segment the individual vertebra. Finally, fine-tuning segmentation is applied by combining the level-set method with the previously obtained segmentation results. The performance of the proposed method was validated by 160 lumbar X-ray images, resulting in a mean Dice similarity metric of 91.60±2.22%. The results show that the proposed method achieves accurate and robust identification of each lumbar vertebra and fine segmentation of individual vertebra.

The human brain displays rich and complex patterns of interaction within and among brain networks that involve both cortical and subcortical brain regions. Due to the limited spatial resolution of surface electroencephalography (EEG), EEG source imaging is used to reconstruct brain sources and investigate their spatial and temporal dynamics. The majority of EEG source imaging methods fail to detect activity from subcortical brain structures. The reconstruction of subcortical sources is a challenging task because the signal from these sources is weakened and mixed with artifacts and other signals from cortical sources. In this proof-of-principle study we present a novel EEG source imaging method, the regional spatiotemporal Kalman filter (RSTKF), that can detect deep brain activity.

The regional spatiotemporal Kalman filter (RSTKF) is a generalization of the spatiotemporal Kalman filter (STKF), which allows for the characterization of different regional dynamics in the brain. It is based on state-space modeling with spatially heterogeneous dynamical noise variances, since models with spatial and temporal homogeneity fail to describe the dynamical complexity of brain activity.