Gaycoble0720

The smaller herbivores also occurred in high densities in the field, increasing their predicted population-level impacts on juvenile kelp compared to urchins and perhaps other larger, but less abundant, herbivores. This study highlights the variation in species' roles within an herbivore guild and the importance of age-related changes in grazing vulnerability to better understand herbivore control on plant and algae population dynamics.Life history theory predicts trade-offs in allocation between survival, maintenance, growth, and reproduction, especially when resources are scarce. Individual variation in resource acquisition can affect trade-offs, but is often unaccounted for. We quantified the fitness costs of reproduction, accounting for environmental conditions, maternal characteristics and individual variation. We analyzed 10 years of data from marked kangaroos to evaluate how reproductive allocation affected annual mass change and skeletal growth, subsequent fecundity and weaning success, and survival, accounting for maternal mass or size and forage availability. Through repeated measurements of 76-91 females, we investigated how trade-offs varied within and between individuals, assessing whether individual variation could mask population-level trade-offs. In poor environments, females that weaned an offspring lost mass. Females that nursed an offspring for > 7 months had reduced skeletal growth. Females that did not gain mass over the previous 12 months rarely reproduced, especially if they had nursed an offspring for > 7 months the previous year. Reproductive allocation had no effect on weaning success, which was very low, and did not affect maternal survival, suggesting a conservative strategy. Disentangling within- and between-individual responses revealed trade-offs within individuals, but because individuals did not vary in their responses to earlier effort, these trade-offs did not drive population trends. The interacting effects of environmental conditions, maternal characteristics and individual variation on allocation trade-offs demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring for understanding life history variations in changing environments.Strain 16W4-4-3 T was isolated from the oil-well production water in Qinghai Oilfield, China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive, facultatively anaerobic and motile by single polar flagellum. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain 16W4-4-3 T showed the highest similarities with Pseudomonas profundi M5T (98.8%), P. pelagia CL-AP6T (98.0%), P. salina XCD-X85T (97.7%), and P. sabulinigri J64T (97.5%). The phylogenetic trees based on multilocus sequence analyses with concatenating 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoD and rpoB genes suggested that this strain should be affiliated to the genus Pseudomonas but remotely related from other species. In addition, whole genome analyses revealed that the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values and average nucleotide identities of strain 16W4-4-3 T against its close relatives were all below 28.8% and 86.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the isolate had totally different whole cell protein profile as compared to those of other species. Major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C181ω7c and/or C181ω6c), C160, summed feature 3 (C161ω7c and/or C161ω6c) and C170cyclo. Major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone (Q-9), and major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G + C content was 58.5 mol%. Therefore, phenotypic, phylogenetic, genomic, chemotaxonomic, and proteomic traits showed that the isolate represented a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, the name Pseudomonas saliphila sp. nov. PACAP 1-38 manufacturer is proposed. Type strain is 16W4-4-3 T (= CGMCC 1.13350 T = KCTC 72619 T).An aptasensor assay for sulfamethazine is introduced based on a gold electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes@graphene oxide nanoribbons (MWCNTs@GONRs) nanocomposites. The MWCNTs@GONRs nanocomposites were synthesized by a chemical longitudinal partially unzipping method. Its properties are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometric analysis (EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the presence of sulfamethazine, the conformation of the aptamer changes and a G-quadruplex structure is formed. It inhibits the electron transfer of the redox probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- on the electrode surface, causing weakening of the peak current response at the peak potential of 0.17 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Using differential pulse voltammetry, a linear response was obtained for sulfamethazine concentrations in the range 0.01 ~ 50 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 5.2 pg mL-1. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of an electrochemical aptasensor for sulfamethazine determination. A gold electrode is modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes@graphene oxide nanoribbons to improve the electrode performance. When the aptamer binds to sulfamethazine to form G-quadruplex, the peak current response decreases.BACKGROUND The application of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in advanced gallbladder cancer (GBC) requiring extended cholecystectomy is challenging, in terms of achieving clinically safe and complete oncologic resection. Recently developed robotic systems, however, may provide advantages in overcoming difficulties faced by laparoscopic MIS. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility and advantages of a robotic system to assist with extended cholecystectomy. METHODS Patients diagnosed with clinically suspected stage T2 or above, GBC (as determined by preoperative computed tomography or ultrasonography) underwent robotic extended cholecystectomy (REC) from February 2018 to January 2020. The attached video shows the detailed procedure in the following order the positioning of the patient and the trocars, Kocher maneuver, lymph node dissection (#8, 9, 12, 13), skeletonization of hepatoduodenal ligament, ligation of the cystic duct and liver resection. RESULTS Of 16 patients who underwent REC, mean operation time was 198.3 min and the median estimated blood loss was 295 ml. 11 patients (68.8%) were pathologically diagnosed as stage T2 or above, and the metastatic lymph node was identified in 3 patients (18.8%). All cases had secured tumor-free resection margins, and 3 patients (18.8%) showed invasion to the hepatic parenchyma. The mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was 7.2. The median duration of hospital stay was 7 days. There were no mortality or recurrence within 90 days after the operation. CONCLUSION This study suggests that robotic systems can be safely utilized in advanced stage GBC, facilitating oncologically sufficient lymph node dissection and rapid recovery.BACKGROUND The occurrence of bile duct injury (BDI) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is an important medical issue. Expert surgeons prevent intraoperative BDI by identifying four landmarks. The present study aimed to develop a system that outlines these landmarks on endoscopic images in real time. METHODS An intraoperative landmark indication system was constructed using YOLOv3, which is an algorithm for object detection based on deep learning. The training datasets comprised approximately 2000 endoscopic images of the region of Calot's triangle in the gallbladder neck obtained from 76 videos of LC. The YOLOv3 learning model with the training datasets was applied to 23 videos of LC that were not used in training, to evaluate the estimation accuracy of the system to identify four landmarks the cystic duct, common bile duct, lower edge of the left medial liver segment, and Rouviere's sulcus. Additionally, we constructed a prototype and used it in a verification experiment in an operation for a patient with cholelithiasis. RESULTS The YOLOv3 learning model was quantitatively and subjectively evaluated in this study. The average precision values for each landmark were as follows common bile duct 0.320, cystic duct 0.074, lower edge of the left medial liver segment 0.314, and Rouviere's sulcus 0.101. The two expert surgeons involved in the annotation confirmed consensus regarding valid indications for each landmark in 22 of the 23 LC videos. In the verification experiment, the use of the intraoperative landmark indication system made the surgical team more aware of the landmarks. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative landmark indication successfully identified four landmarks during LC, which may help to reduce the incidence of BDI, and thus, increase the safety of LC. The novel system proposed in the present study may prevent BDI during LC in clinical practice.BACKGROUND Strictures are common complications after ileal pouch surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic stricturotomy vs. endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) in the treatment of pouch inlet strictures. METHODS All consecutive ulcerative colitis patients with the diagnosis of pouch inlet or afferent limb strictures treated in our Interventional Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit (i-IBD) from 2008 to 2017 were extracted. The primary outcomes were surgery-free survival and post-procedural complications. RESULTS A total of 200 eligible patients were included in this study, with 40 (20.0%) patients treated with endoscopic stricturotomy and 160 (80.0%) patients treated with EBD. Symptom improvement was recorded in 11 (42.3%) patients treated with endoscopic stricturotomy and 16 (13.2%) treated with EBD. Subsequent surgery rate was comparable between the two groups (9 [22.5%] vs. 33 [20.6%], P = 0.80) during a median follow-up of 0.6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.4-0.8) vs. 3.6 years (IQR 1.1-6.2) in patients receiving endoscopic stricturotomy and EBD, respectively. The overall surgery-free survival seems to be comparable as well (P = 0.12). None of the patients in the stricturotomy group developed pouch failure, while 9 patients (5.6%) had pouch failure in the balloon dilation group (P = 0.17). Procedural bleeding was seen in three occasions (4.7% per procedure) in patients receiving endoscopic stricturotomy and perforation was seen in three occasions (0.8% per procedure) in patients receiving EBD (P = 0.02). In multivariable analysis, an increased length of the stricture (hazard ratio [HR] 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.8) and concurrent pouchitis (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0-5.7) were found to be risk factors for the requirement of surgery. CONCLUSION Endoscopic stricturotomy and EBD were both effective in treating patients with pouch inlet or afferent limb strictures, EBD had a higher perforation risk while endoscopic stricturotomy had a higher bleeding risk.The increasing mandate for fresh-like food products and the possible hazards of chemically preserved foods necessitate the search for alternatives. Bacteriocins represent a promising food biopreservative. In the present study, one hundred enterococci isolates recovered from Egyptian raw cow milk and homemade dairy products were screened for bacteriocin production. The overall detection rate was 10%. Three isolates, namely, Enterococcus faecalis (OE-7 and OE-12) and Enterococcus hirae (OE-9), showed the highest antibacterial activity with narrow spectrum against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-positive foodborne bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activity was completely abolished by trypsin and proteinase K but not affected by lipase and/or amylase indicating the protein nature of the antimicrobial activity. Optimum conditions for bacteriocin production were cultivation in MRS broth at 37 °C, pH 6-6.5 for 16-24 h. The tested bacteriocins exhibited bactericidal activity on S.