Gaineskennedy0037

In the current study electrospraying methodology was used for particle engineering of montelukast and budesonide to prepare a combined inhalable dry powder formulation applicable as a smart regimen in asthma treatment. For this, electrospraying was carried out using different solvents and drug concentrations. No carrier was added for the formulation of montelukast-budesonide combination as montelukast played the role of both active ingredient and carrier. Scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, gas chromatography, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the produced drug particles. In vitro drug deposition pattern was assessed using next generation impactor, and the dissolution profile of the selected formulations was characterized via modified diffusion franz cell method. The FPF value for the co-electrosprayed carrier free formulation of montelukast-budesonide was 38% with a significantly enhanced dissolution rate for budesonide compared to the budesonide alone formulations. The pharmacological effects of hypothesized combined formulation was assessed by measuring its power to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species in human normal lung cells. The results showed that the combination of montelukast and budesonide can exert a synergistic effect. The findings in the current study emphasize that using montelukast as a carrier for budesonide not only has greatly improved the aerosolization behavior and dissolution rate of budesonide but also has resulted in synergistic pharmacological effects, indicating the suitability of this combination as an anti-asthmatic therapeutic.Novel inhalable and synergistic combination powder formulations of phage PEV20 and ciprofloxacin were recently developed to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infections. In the present study, we investigated the storage stability of these powders which comprised ciprofloxacin, lactose and L-leucine in mass ratios of 111 (Formulation A) or ciprofloxacin and L-leucine in 21 without lactose (Formulation B). These powders were produced by spray drying, collected in polypropylene tubes and packed inside aluminium pouches which were heat-sealed at less then 20% relative humidity (RH), then stored at 4 °C or 25 °C. The phage viability, aerosol performance and solid-state properties of the powders were examined over 12 months. The biological activity and aerosol performance of both formulations showed no significant change over 12 months of storage at 4 °C. However, after four months of storage at 25 °C, a significant titer loss of 2.2 log10 (p less then 0.01) was observed in Formulation B, but the loss in Formulation A was much less (0.5 log10 (p less then 0.05)). In contrast, the fine particle fraction (FPF, wt. % particles ≤ 5 µm) of Formulation A was significantly reduced by 11% (p less then 0.05) after four months of storage at 25 °C, whereas the aerosol performance of Formulation B remained stable over 12 months. The results showed that ciprofloxacin can sufficiently stabilize phage through vitrification and/or hydrogen bonding at 4 °C. The presence of lactose was beneficial to preserve the phage at 25 °C. In conclusion, spray dried PEV20-ciprofloxacin combination powders were biologically and physico-chemically stable even without lactose as a stabilising excipient, when stored below 20% RH at 4 °C for 12 months.Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1) is the causative agent of carp pox characterized by epidermal papillomas in common carp and other cyprinids. In this study, we identified CyHV-1 in koi (Cyprinus carpio) from Iran in 2017 and 2019, showing clinical signs of the carp pox disease. Histopathology showed severe epidermal hyperplasia and the absence of club and goblet cells. Degenerative changes, including spongiosis and single-cell necrosis, were also observed. Keratinocyte dysplasia and a moderate lymphocytic infiltration were observed within the epidermis. PCR of the extracted DNA from skin lesions of affected koi from both outbreaks showed CyHV-1 specific TK amplicons, with high sequence identity (above 99%) among themselves and with other CyHV-1 isolates belong to Cluster I, as well as show 97% similarity to Cluster II isolates. Selleckchem JAK inhibitor To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Carp pox disease (CyHV-1) of koi in Iran and the Middle East.Drug-drug interactions (DDI) potentially occurring between medications used in the course of COVID-19 infection and medications prescribed for the management of underlying comorbidities may cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs) contributing to worsening of the clinical outcome in affected patients. First, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine comorbidities observed in the course of COVID-19 disease associated with an increased risk of worsened clinical outcome from 24 published studies. In addition, the potential risk of DDI between medications used in the course of COVID-19 treatment in these studies and those for the management of observed comorbidities was evaluated for possible worsening of the clinical outcome. Our meta-analysis revealed an implication cardiometabolic syndrome (e.g. cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes), chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as main co-morbidities associated with worsen the clinical outcomes including mortality (risk difference RD 0.12, 95 %-CI 0.05-0.19, p = 0.001), admission to ICU (RD 0.10, 95 %-CI 0.04-0.16, p = 0.001) and severe infection (RD 0.05, 95 %-CI 0.01-0.09, p = 0.01) in COVID-19 patients. Potential DDI on pharmacokinetic level were identified between the antiviral agents atazanavir and lopinavir/ritonavir and some drugs, used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as antiarrhythmics and anti-coagulants possibly affecting the clinical outcome including cardiac injury or arrest because of QTc-time prolongation or bleeding. Concluding, DDI occurring in the course of anti-Covid-19 treatment and co-morbidities could lead to ADRs, increasing the risk of hospitalization, prolonged time to recovery or death on extreme cases. COVID-19 patients with cardiometabolic diseases, chronic kidney disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should be subjected to particular carefully clinical monitoring of adverse events with a possibility of dose adjustment when necessary.