Friedmanallred8169

© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Limb proportions have evolved among animals to meet functional demands among diverse environments. Studies from terrestrial, vertebrate locomotion have demonstrated that variation in limb proportions have adaptively evolved so animals can perform in a given environment. Most of the research on limb proportion evolution is among vertebrates and terrestrial locomotion, with little information on limb segment evolution in invertebrates or for other functional roles. For example, among invertebrates, multisegmented raptorial forelimbs have evolved multiple times independently to capture prey, but there is little information on the adaptive evolution and diversity of these limbs. Furthermore, as feeding performance is influenced by the sensory system, few studies have examined the coevolution of sensory-motor systems. Using mantises (Mantodea) I examined forelimb diversification among 97 species with a combination of methods, including ternary plots for morphospace visualization, phylogenetically informed allometrse and is related to a proxy for depth perception, while the other segments had strong relationships with body size. This suggests an adaptive, functional role of the tibia during prey capture. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.We present an important characteristic of trio models which may lead to bias and loss of power when one parent is unmodeled in trio analyses. Motivated by recent interest in estimating parental effects on postnatal and later-life phenotypes, we consider a causal model where each parent has both an effect on their child's phenotype which is mediated through the genotype transmitted to the child and a direct effect on the phenotype through the parentally provided environment. We derive the power and bias of models in which one parent's genotype is not modeled, showing that while the effect of the child's genotype is biased in the direction of the unmodeled parent's effect as expected, the estimated effect of the observed parent's genotype is also biased in the opposite direction. While this phenomenon may not be intuitive under the assumption of random mating, it can be explained by intermediate confounding of the child's genotype-phenotype effect. These observations have implications for the accurate estimation of maternal and paternal effects in trio data sets with missing genotype data. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND The primary validation of the Movement Disorder Society Non-Motor Rating Scale was recently published, but 2 important structural analyses were not included. The objective of this study was to examine the structural characteristics of the Movement Disorder Society Non-Motor Rating Scale by factor and cluster analyses. METHODS Data came from the validation study, an international multicenter cross-sectional study of 402 Parkinson's disease patients. Demographic and clinical data, the Movement Disorder Society Non-Motor Rating Scale, and Hoehn and Yahr staging were used. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and nonhierarchical cluster analysis were performed. RESULTS The exploratory factor analysis showed that all 13 domains of the Movement Disorder Society Non-Motor Rating Scale, except 1, and the Non-Motor Fluctuations subscale performed as unidimensional (variance explained 0.36, sleep and wakefulness; -0.82, orthostatic hypotension). The confirmatory factor analysis could be carried out in 9 domains and showed that 6 of them and the Non-Motor Fluctuations subscale adjusted to the model satisfactorily according to the root mean square error of approximation. Furthermore, all domains had comparative fit index values >0.95, except depression and pain (both, 0.94) and sleep and wakefulness (0.90). The Non-Motor Fluctuations subscale showed satisfactory root mean square error of approximation (0.07), but a low comparative fit index value (0.91). A 5-cluster solution, correctly classifying 96% of the cases, was found. CONCLUSIONS Overall, most subscales of the Movement Disorder Society Non-Motor Rating Scale are unidimensional, and although each subscale is distinct in terms of content covered, factors and clusters that are of clinical relevance are discernible and contribute to our understanding of possible nonmotor subtypes in Parkinson's disease. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.Organic compounds as electrode materials can contribute to sustainability because they are non-toxic and environmentally abundant. The working mechanism during charge/discharge of reported organic compounds as electrode materials has not yet been completely understood. Herein, during charge/discharge, the structural behavior of 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) was investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, operando Raman spectrum analyses, and operando X-ray diffraction. For both lithium (Li) and sodium (Na) systems, DMBQ works as a cathode accompanied along with the insertion/deinsertion of Li and Na ions during charge/discharge; the DMBQ sample was considered to be in a two-phase coexistence state at a higher plateau, and the radical monoanion and dianion phases had no long-distance orders; and these structures reversibly changed into the original neutral phase with a long-distance order. These techniques can show the charge/discharge mechanism and determine the deterioration factors of organic batteries, thus guiding the design for high-performance organic batteries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.BACKGROUND A relatively high mortality of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is worrying, the application of heparin in COVID-19 has been recommended by some expert consensus due to the risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation and venous thromboembolism. Vismodegib clinical trial However, its efficacy remains to be validated. METHODS Coagulation results, medications and outcomes of consecutive patients being classified as severe COVID-19 in Tongji hospital were retrospectively analysed. The 28-day mortality between heparin users and nonusers were compared, also in different risk of coagulopaphy which was stratified by the sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) score or D-dimer result. RESULTS There were 449 patients with severe COVID-19 enrolled into the study, 99 of them received heparin (mainly with low molecular weight heparin, LMWH) for 7 days or longer. The D-dimer, prothrombin time and age were positively, and platelet count was negatively, correlated with 28-day mortality in multivariate analysis. No difference on 28-day mortality was found between heparin users and nonusers (30.