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training in a standing posture allows children to access their distal environment visually, resulting in improved social function.Setting goals with caregivers maximizes the effects of treatment on goal achievement.The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has vastly disrupted the lives of youth. Stressors related to the pandemic and related lockdown measures have increased the prevalence of adolescent depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts, with their mental and psychosocial development making them highly vulnerable to isolating restrictions. Research has demonstrated increased loneliness and decreased social support among adolescents during the pandemic. Increased social media usage has further affected depression among adolescents. Pandemic-related stressors such as fear of illness or life changes have negatively affected adolescent mental well-being. Health care use during the pandemic has involved disruption in primary care suicide screening, patterns of suicide-related presentations in emergency departments, and access to mental health services. Health care providers can support adolescent mental health through consistent screening, effectively coordinating referral for mental health evaluation, and providing family guidance on resiliency, pandemic-related mental health risks, and suicide prevention. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(4)e144-e149.].Pediatricians and other primary care clinicians are responsible for the screening of numerous health issues. As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic persists, the adverse mental health effects on patients, their families, and the community at large are evident. Therefore, pediatricians are tasked with assessing, triaging, and initiating treatment for common mental health concerns such as anxiety and depression. Complicating the picture is long-COVID. This article reviews the epidemiology of pediatric and adolescent anxiety and depression and data about pediatric long-COVID. Additionally, strategies and tools for pediatricians and their office staff to address the mental health needs of their patients are outlined. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(4)e154-e160.].Eating disorders can have serious consequences for adolescent patients. Early detection and coordination of treatment can improve outcomes. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has negatively affected mental health, and eating disorders are no exception. The reported increase in eating disorder behaviors and referrals for treatment, combined with the shortage of treatment options, has underscored the role of the outpatient pediatrician. Detection of eating disorders in the primary care setting starts with analyzing vitals and weight trends. If suspecting an eating disorder, one should complete a thorough history with pertinent review of systems, physical examination, and an initial laboratory evaluation. Upon confirming a diagnosis, it is important for a pediatrician to decide on the level of care needed. Given long wait times for treatment centers, utilization of local resources is helpful for coordinating a multidisciplinary approach. Increased funding for eating disorder treatment initiatives could help alleviate the current strain on our health care system. 1-Naphthyl PP1 research buy [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(4)e150-e153.].Asthma is a common diagnosis for pediatric patients, and something frequently managed in the primary care setting. Due to the multitude of factors that affect asthma, obtaining good control of the disease can be difficult. Managing triggers, medications, and adherence are key to maintaining good asthma control and quality of life. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory Council has released new guidelines and recommendations to help assist in the management of asthma. The expert panel addressed several key areas and made recommendations based on the available data. Areas addressed were the use of intermittent inhaled corticosteroids, the use of long-acting muscarinic antagonist, allergen mitigation, fractional exhaled nitric oxide testing for asthma diagnosis and management, and immune modulation for asthma control. This article summarizes the key recommendations and changes to the guideline. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(4)e132-e135.].Adolescents and young adults (AYA) use social media more than any other generation, including to learn about their health. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic further accelerated both health harming and health benefits of technology use. Also, during this time, medical professionals moved more quickly to virtual visits, changing AYA, family, and provider interactions and expectations. Remote health care, broader technology use, and improved youth engagement have the potential to address long-standing barriers to health equity. Telehealth disadvantages still exist, however, especially for those with decreased access. Recent rapid changes have not allowed for sufficient study to address optimizing the experience, effectiveness, and utilization of remote health care. Fortunately, because of their expansive engagement with social media and technology, AYA are paving the way toward a digital health future. Health professionals are encouraged to improve their virtual and social media interactions with AYA patients, while finding ways to improve health equity. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(4)e161-e166.].With a growing body of literature describing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's effect on children and adolescents, there remain few official reports regarding mental health in military connected youth. With sparse literature available specifically in youth associated with the Armed Forces, published studies on global child and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic are first reviewed. Military connected youth have unique needs and experiences. Implications of pandemic-related stressors on their mental health are suggested based on analysis of disaster and deployment literature. Military members have continued to move and deploy throughout the pandemic. Uniformed families have high risk factors for mental health concerns. Managing the mental health of military connected youth will fall heavily on civilian providers, both in primary and subspecialty practices. As such, vigilance for psychological health concerns and familiarity with military resources are vital for the mental wellness of our military pediatric patients. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(4)e138-e143.].Significant disparities exist in early identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) for Hispanic and Latinx children. ASD prevalence estimates are approximately identical for White and Black children but lower for Hispanic and Latinx children. Reasons for these racial and ethnic variations are likely multifactorial. This review sought to understand previously described barriers and limitations to accessing ASD diagnostic services in the Latinx and Hispanic communities. Three main categories of existing barriers were identified (1) parent/family, (2) community, and (3) systemic. These barriers are complex and multifactorial in nature, including circumstantial limitations such as limited English proficiency, noncitizenship, and low-income status. These can limit health care access, and can lead to family and community cultural barriers, poor knowledge about ASD, and social stigma related to disabilities. Understanding and mitigating barriers is essential to reduce disparities to ASD diagnosis in the Hispanic and Latinx community. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(4)e167-e171.].In this study the authors explored how depressive symptoms and social support were related to the resilience of older caregivers (N = 117) caring children affected by HIV/AIDS in rural Northern Namibia, Africa. Our findings showed that lower levels of depressive symptoms and high levels of social support from significant others and family were statistically associated with increased resilience in older caregivers. There is a need for mental health services and social supports to improve the resilience of older caregivers caring for children affected by HIV and AIDS. There is an increasing need for more vigorous and concerted efforts from public and private sector practitioners and policy makers to expand social protection safety nets and develop more targeted economic interventions aimed at enhancing the resilience of older caregivers, especially those residing in rural HIV endemic communities in Namibia.On March 12, 2021, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) sponsored a virtual market research workshop, "Partnering on Vaccines to Counter Multi-Drug Resistant Threats," to discuss the threat of antimicrobial resistance in the context of BARDA's mission space and the challenges encountered during the development of vaccines for specific antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The workshop convened representatives with expertise in vaccine development from government, academia, and industry. This report summarizes the presentations and subsequent discussions from the workshop and highlights existing challenges to advance the development of vaccine candidates for antimicrobial resistant pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.Rationale Genetic studies of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have improved our understanding of this disease, but not all causal loci have been identified. Objectives To identify genes enriched with rare deleterious variants in IPF and familial pulmonary fibrosis. Methods We performed gene burden analysis of whole-exome data, tested single variants for disease association, conducted KIF15 (kinesin family member 15) functional studies, and examined human lung single-cell RNA sequencing data. Measurements and Main Results Gene burden analysis of 1,725 cases and 23,509 control subjects identified heterozygous rare deleterious variants in KIF15, a kinesin involved in spindle separation during mitosis, and three telomere-related genes (TERT [telomerase reverse transcriptase], RTEL1 [regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1], and PARN [poly(A)-specific ribonuclease]). KIF15 was implicated in autosomal-dominant models of rare deleterious variants (odds ratio [OR], 4.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-8.8; P = 2.55 × 10-7) and rare protein-truncating variants (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 3.3-17.1; P = 8.12 × 10-7). Meta-analyses of the discovery and replication cohorts, including 2,966 cases and 29,817 control subjects, confirm the involvement of KIF15 plus the three telomere-related genes. A common variant within a KIF15 intron (rs74341405; OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4-1.9; P = 5.63 × 10-10) is associated with IPF risk, confirming a prior report. Lymphoblastoid cells from individuals heterozygous for the common variant have decreased KIF15 and reduced rates of cell growth. Cell proliferation is dependent on KIF15 in the presence of an inhibitor of Eg5/KIF11, which has partially redundant function. KIF15 is expressed specifically in replicating human lung cells and shows diminished expression in replicating epithelial cells of patients with IPF. Conclusions Both rare deleterious variants and common variants in KIF15 link a nontelomerase pathway of cell proliferation with IPF susceptibility.