Foremanvargas5087

The population growth is causing an increase in the generation of effluents (mainly organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and agro-industrial waste), which is an old problem in agro-industrial countries such as Brazil. Contrastingly, it is possible to add value to these residual biomasses (residues) through the application of new technologies for the production of bioenergy. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge is being applied in many effluent treatment plants for the sustainable and economically viable production of biogas. However, the biogas produced from AD (sludge) or co-digestion (sludge with other residues) presents a concentration of methane between 60 and 70% on average, which is relatively low. This review is aimed at analyzing studies involving (i) production of lipases by solid-state fermentation (SSF) by different microorganisms for the application in enzymatic pretreatments prior to the anaerobic treatment of effluents; (ii) pretreatment followed by AD of various residues, with an emphasis on OFMSW and sewage sludge; and (iii) more recent studies on anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) and hybrid technologies (pretreatment + AD or AcoD). There are many studies in the literature that demonstrate the enzymatic pretreatment or AcoD applied to the optimization of methane production. Nevertheless, few studies report the combination of these two technologies, which can improve the process and reduce or eliminate the costs of biogas purification, which are major challenges for the viability of this route of bioenergy production. KEY POINTS • Municipal and agro-industrial wastes have potential as medium for lipase production. • Enzymatic pretreatment and anaerobic co-digestion are low cost for high-methane production. Graphical abstract Interactions among various factors optimization methane production from enzymatic pretreatment and AcoD.Abnormalities in executive function (EF) are clinical markers for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the neural mechanisms underlying abnormal EF in ASD remain unclear. This meta-analysis investigated the construct, abnormalities, and age-related changes of EF in ASD. Thirty-three fMRI studies of inhibition, updating, and switching in individuals with high-functioning ASD were included (n = 1114; age range 7-57 years). The results revealed that the EF construct in ASD could be unitary (i.e., common EF) in children/adolescents, but unitary and diverse (i.e., common EF and inhibition) in adults. Abnormalities in this EF construct were found across development in individuals with ASD in comparison with typically developing individuals. Implications and recommendations are discussed for EF theory and for practice in ASD.Previous literature has indicated that perceptions of social support (PSS) may be an important predictor of parental stress levels, particularly for parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The current study implemented structural equation modelling to further investigate the relationship between PSS and parental stress in a sample of 454 parents of children diagnosed with ASD. Results indicate that PSS derived from friends was the most important factor in protecting against stress, with PSS from both a significant other and family appearing to be less pervasive in this regard. In addition, the importance of PSS was further underlined by the finding that it remained a significant predictor of parental stress after controlling for the absence/presence of professional support.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous molecule responding to osmotic stress in plant. Phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many biotic or abiotic stress responses. Using the seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype (WT), PLDα1 deficient mutant (pldα1) and the L-cysteine desulfhydrase (L-DEs) deficient mutant (lcd) as materials, the effect of H2S responding to osmotic stress and the functions of PLDα1 and ROS in this response were investigated. The results showed that H2S, PLDα1 and ROS were involved in osmotic stress resistance. Exogenous sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) promoted the endogenous H2S content and up-regulated the expression of LCD in WT, lcd and plda1. Exogenous phosphatidic acid (PA) enhanced the H2S content and up-regulated the expressions of LCD in WT and plda1 but had no significant effect on the H2S content and LCD expression in lcd under osmotic stress. This suggested that H2S was located downstream of PLDα1 to participate in the osmotic stress signal response. Exogenous NaHS treatment regulated the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT). The activities and the gene relative expressions of antioxidant enzymes in pldα1 and lcd were higher than those in WT under osmotic stress. This indicated that H2S and PLD regulated the antioxidant enzyme system under osmotic stress. The ROS level, electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased by NaHS under osmotic stress, demonstrating H2S maintained the membrane integrity. All of these results revealed that H2S alleviated the osmotic stress by elevating PLD and suppressing ROS in A. thaliana.Deficits in positive emotionality (PE) have been implicated in the etiology of both social anxiety and depression; however, factors that contribute to divergent social anxiety and depression outcomes among youth low in PE remain unknown. Extant research suggests that parent-child stress and peer stress demonstrate differential patterns of associations with social anxiety and depression. Thus, the present study examined prospective interactive effects of PE and chronic parent-child and peer stress on simultaneously developing trajectories of social anxiety and depression symptoms among 543 boys and girls (age 8-16 at baseline, M[SD] = 11.94[2.32] 55.6% female). Parents reported on youth PE at baseline. selleck chemicals llc Domains of chronic interpersonal (parent-child and peer) stress occurring between baseline and 18-months were assessed via child-report by trained interviews using the Youth Life Stress Interview (Rudolph and Flynn Development and Psychopathology, 19(2), 497-521, 2007). Youth completed self-report measures of depression and social anxiety every three months from 18- to 36- months (7 assessments).