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The (maximum) growth rate (µmax ) hypothesis predicts that cellular and tissue phosphorus (P) concentrations should increase with increasing growth rate, and RNA should also increase as most of the P is required to make ribosomes. Using published data, we show that though there is a strong positive relationship between the µmax of all photosynthetic organisms and their P content (% dry weight), leading to a relatively constant P productivity, the relationship with RNA content is more complex. In eukaryotes there is a strong positive relationship between µmax and RNA content expressed as % dry weight, and RNA constitutes a relatively constant 25% of total P. In prokaryotes the rRNA operon copy number is the important determinant of the amount of RNA present in the cell. The amount of phospholipid expressed as % dry weight increases with increasing µmax in microalgae. The relative proportions of each of the five major P-containing constituents is remarkably constant, except that the proportion of RNA is greater and phospholipids smaller in prokaryotic than eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. The effect of temperature differences between studies was minor. The evidence for and against P-containing constituents other than RNA being involved with ribosome synthesis and functioning is discussed.

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a primary treatment for multiple brain metastases (BM) but may require distribution of BMs over several sessions to make delivery time and radiation toxicity manageable. Contrasting to equal fraction dose in conventional fractionation, distributed SRS delivers full dose to a subset of BMs in each session while avoiding adjacent BMs in the same session to reduce toxicity from overlapping radiation. However, current clinical treatment planning for distributed SRS relies on manual BM assignment, which can be tedious and error prone. This work describes a novel approach to automate the distribution of BM in the Gamma Knife (GK) clinical workflow.

We represent each BM as an electrostatic field of the same polarity that exerts repulsive forces on other BMs in the same session. This representation naturally leads to separation of close BMs into different sessions to lower the potential energy. Indeed, the BM distribution problem can be formulated as minimization of the facilitate systematic study on the benefits of distributed SRS treatments.

The proposed approach models the clinical practice and provides an efficient solution for optimal selection of BM subsets for distributed SRS. Further evaluations are underway to establish this approach as a tool for improving clinical workflow and to facilitate systematic study on the benefits of distributed SRS treatments.While no European country has legalized recreational use of cannabis, several countries, but not Sweden, have decriminalized it. Although we hitherto have a relatively low prevalence of users compared to other countries, Swedish policy is criticized. Strong voices advocate legalization. It is hypothesized that a legalization would minimize adolescent access, ensure quality control, make consumption safer and raise tax revenue. Furthermore, it is assumed to diminish the illicit drug market and drug related crimes. However, the legalization in the US and Canada has instead made cannabis more available to users by innovative marketing and product development, while the illegal market persists. Meanwhile the price of cannabis decreases and potency, which are related to many of the risks, increases. Cannabis-related harms include e.g. cognitive impairment, psychosis and psychosocial problems. The long-term effects from legalization is yet to be seen.The objective of this study was to investigate proliferation, apoptosis, and antiapoptotic molecule expression in endometrial cells of reproductive-aged women with and without type II diabetes mellitus (T2D). In this case-control study, a total of 80 endometrial tissue specimens from reproductive-aged women (35 in the proliferative phase and 45 in the secretory phase) were examined. The age and body mass index (BMI) were matched between the groups. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded endometrial tissue samples were used for immunohistochemistry analysis. The presence of proliferation was evaluated with Ki-67 expression, antiapoptotic function of cells was evaluated with Bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis was evaluated with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) immunoreactivity in both the glandular epithelium and stroma of endometrial tissue samples from women with and without T2D. Ki-67 expression in the glandular epithelium and Bcl-2 expression in both the glandular epithelium and stroma were significndular epithelium and stromal cells. High BMI values in women with diabetes seemed to contribute to increased cell proliferation and increased antiapoptotic function in the glandular epithelium but not the stromal cells.Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is the repeated failure of good-quality embryos in implantation process following several assisted reproduction cycles. Disruption of the endometrial receptivity is one of the main causes of RIF. Progesterone plays a pivotal role in the endometrial receptivity through the regulation of gene expression pattern by binding to its receptors in the endometrial cells. selleck compound The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression level of progesterone receptor (PR) and its phosphorylated form in the endometrial stromal cells (eSC) of RIF patients and compare it to the eSC of healthy fertile women as control group. After isolation of the eSC from biopsy samples of RIF patients and healthy fertile women and their characterization, expression levels of PR mRNA, PR protein, and phospho-Ser294 PR protein were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in PR mRNA expression (P  less then  0.01.) and phospho-Ser294 PR protein (P  less then  0.05) level in RIF patients compared to the control group. These data for the first time suggest that the expression of PR and its phosphorylated form are impaired in RIF patients. Therefore, designing therapeutic methods for improving PR expression status and its regulation in the endometrium of RIF patients may help in improving the final reproductive outcomes of these cases.