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This study was conducted on children between 2 and 10 years age to determine the frequency of hearing impairment in middle ear infection. It was a cross-sectional survey, done at Riphah International University from August 2018 to January 2019. Data was collected from the ENT Department of Children's Hospital Lahore through convenience sampling technique and included 52 patients with middle ear infection. Selleckchem Rapamycin Measurements for the level of hearing impairment were taken, and data was analysed using statistical package for social sciences, SPSS 20.0. Of the total 52 patients, 15 (28.8%) had ear infection once a month and 37 (71.2%) had it off and on. Mild hearing loss was determined in 35 (67.3%) patients,13 (25%) had moderate, 2 (3.8%) severe and 2 (3.8%) had normal hearing. It was concluded that most of the children with middle ear infections developed hearing loss.

Implantology is one of the most investigated topics in modern dentistry. The current review was planned to systematically summarise all industrial, mass production and experimental trends in dental implant manufacturing relative primarily to their surface modification conducted between January 2017 and January 2020.

The review was conducted in Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Armed Forces Institute Of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Foundation University College of Dentistry, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Islamabad, and the Higher Education Commission Library, Islamabad. Literature was searched on PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Cochrane and Science Direct databases. The key words employed were "dental Implants", "surface modification", "surface morphology", "surface treatment" and "surface augmentation".

A total of 38 articles were short-listed and reviewed in detail. There was abundant evidence suggesting the importance of these surface modifications on improving the implant success. Several strategies have been suggested to modify the implant surface topography as well as surface chemistry in order to achieve a micro-porous structure with nano-scale architecture, with increased bio-activity; hydrophilicity and anti-bacterial properties.

There has been commendable success with many of these strategies in laboratories. However, following the success in ex-vivo studies, very few of these surface modalities have found their way to clinical set-ups.

There has been commendable success with many of these strategies in laboratories. However, following the success in ex-vivo studies, very few of these surface modalities have found their way to clinical set-ups.

To explain the success and failure of dental implant diameter on the efficiency of fatigue.

The systematic review was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane databases for Original Articles published in the English language from 1999 to 2019. Outcomes were evaluated to determine perceptions regarding the role of dental implant diameter in influencing the implant's fatigue performance. Data was analysed using SPSS 22.

Of the 263 abstracts retrieved, 53(20%) were reviewed. Of them, 14(26.4%) were included; 9(64.3%) systematic reviews, and 5(35.7%) studies. The implant diameter could be categorised into wide diameter (5-6mm), regular diameter (3.75-4mm), and small/narrow diameter (3-3.4mm). The narrow diameter implants are indicated through thin alveolar ridges and mesiodistal spaces (<7mm). The implants with narrow diameter would offer greater risk of fatigue failure for clinical situations with significant functional loading (p<0.05). No significant differences were found either in success or failure of dental implant diameter on fatigue efficiency at 1-year and 3-year follow-ups (p>0.05).

The technical complication of dental implant included abutment screw loosening or fracture, abutment and superstructure fracture, and implant body fracture. The review mainly focussed on the impact of dental implant diameter on the efficiency of fatigue and reviewed a significant impact of dental implant diameter on the fatigue efficiency.

The technical complication of dental implant included abutment screw loosening or fracture, abutment and superstructure fracture, and implant body fracture. The review mainly focussed on the impact of dental implant diameter on the efficiency of fatigue and reviewed a significant impact of dental implant diameter on the fatigue efficiency.Active learning strategies with innovative ways are used in the teaching and learning for the engagement of students in classroom settings. A number of studies talk about the benefits the students have shown while using the active learning methods in their science courses, like Biochemistry, Anatomy and Physiology, Microbiology and Pathophysiology. Active learning helps to retain material, motivate students and to develop thinking skills. In the science courses of nursing education, these are very much in use for developing critical thinking qualities. By applying active learning strategies in science courses of nursing education, one may clearly see how the students get engaged with the content. Some of these activities are interactive simulations, games, small group discussions, videos, blended learning, role-playing, pair share, flipped classroom, mini research projects, formative evaluations, quizzes, hands-on activities, etc.

To see the efficacy of rapid colour test for the sensitivity of ceftriaxone against clinical isolates of salmonella typhi.

The cross-sectional validation study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi, from Nov 2018 to April 2019, and comprised clinical isolates of salmonella typhi that were obtained from five different hospitals in Karachi and Hyderabad. The isolates were tested using the rapid colour test. All the isolates were also tested using the conventional disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations on the Vitek-2 version 8.01.

Of the 97 isolates, 83(85.5%) were ceftriaxone-resistant and 14(14.4%) were ceftriaxone-sensitive. Sensitivity and specificity of the rapid colour test were 100% when compared with the results of the other methods. All the results were readable within 2 hours on the colour test.

The colour test was found to be a rapid, accurate and inexpensive tool to screen for ceftriaxone resistance in typhoid-endemic areas.