Desaipatton2657

Various additives are used in plastic products to improve the properties and the durability of the plastics. Their possible elution from the plastics when plastics are fragmented into micro- and nano-size in the environment is suspected to one of the major contributors to environmental and human toxicity of microplastics. In this context, to better understand the hazardous effect of microplastics, the toxicity of chemical additives was investigated. Fifty most common chemicals presented in plastics were selected as target additives. Their toxicity was systematically identified using apical and molecular toxicity databases, such as ChemIDplus and ToxCast™. Among the vast ToxCast assays, those having intended gene targets were selected for identification of the mechanism of toxicity of plastic additives. Deep learning artificial neural network models were further developed based on the ToxCast assays for the chemicals not tested in the ToxCast program. Using both the ToxCast database and deep learning models, active chemicals on each ToxCast assays were identified. Through correlation analysis between molecular targets from ToxCast and mammalian toxicity results from ChemIDplus, we identified the fifteen most relevant mechanisms of toxicity for the understanding mechanism of toxicity of plastic additives. They are neurotoxicity, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cancer pathways. Based on these, along with, previously conducted systemic review on the mechanism of toxicity of microplastics, here we have proposed potential adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) relevant to microplastics pollution. This study also suggests in vivo and in vitro toxicity database and deep learning model combined approach is appropriate to provide insight into the toxicity mechanism of the broad range of environmental chemicals, such as plastic additives. Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic and ubiquitous environmental organic pollutants. The abundance and sources of these compounds have not been studied in remote environments. We collected and analyzed air, soil, lichen, and moss samples from the Tibetan Plateau. Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 0.78-4.16 pg/m3 in air, 3.11-297 pg/g in soil, 260-741 pg/g in lichens, and 338-934 pg/g in mosses. Concentrations of brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 0.15-0.59 pg/m3 in air, 0.61-72.3 pg/g in soil, 33.5-64.9 pg/g in lichens, and 20.5-72.5 pg/g in mosses. The dominant congeners were 9- and 2-chlorophenanthrene, 1-chloropyrene, 3-chlorofluoranthene, and 1-bromopyrene. We found correlations between congener concentrations in lichens and in air, and lichens effectively predicted near-ground atmospheric concentrations of the pollutants. The enrichment of photochemically stable compounds in high-altitude environments is influenced by their physicochemical properties. Principal component analysis with multivariate linear regression of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in lichens provided an assessment of the relative source contributions, and suggested that in Medog County of Tibetan Plateau, 48% was likely from long-range combustion sources, 26% was from local burning sources, and 26% was from photochemical formation. BACKGROUND Informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is a rapidly growing industry. Informal e-waste recycling creates a mixture of chemicals that can be harmful to humans, especially vulnerable populations like pregnant women and young children. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze the associations between birth outcomes and living in a community with a history of informal e-waste recycling. METHODS The e-waste Recycling Exposure and Community Health (e-REACH) Study enrolled pregnant women in Guiyu, an informal e-waste recycling site (n = 314), and an unexposed control site (Haojiang) (n = 320) at delivery. We analyzed maternal whole blood samples for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn). We captured data in newborns on birth weight, birth length, head circumference, body mass index (BMI), and Ponderal Index (PI). We compared the birth outcomes between sites after adjustment for covariates, and examined the associations with individual and the mixture of metals. RESULTS The neonates from Guiyu had smaller head circumference (adj β -1.96 cm, 95% CI -2.39, -1.52), BMI (adj β -0.77 kg/m2, 95% CI -1.03, -0.51), and PI (adj β -2.01 kg/m3, 95% CI -2.54, -1.47). Birth weights were lower in Guiyu compared to Haojiang, but the difference was not significant (β -51, 95% CI -132, 29). Cumulative exposure to metals was related to lower head circumference, BMI, and PI, but not related to birth weight. DISCUSSION We observed slight and statistically significant differences in the head size, BMI, and PI of neonates, but not birth weight, from Guiyu when compared to neonates from Haojiang. Cumulative metal exposure may partially account for the findings. During the past few decades, contamination of sediments by persistent toxic substances (PTSs) has been observed in estuarine and coastal areas on the west coast of South Korea. The contaminants are suspected to cause toxicities in aquatic biota, but little is known about their ecological effects, particularly on benthic microbial communities. In this study, an eDNA-based assessment was applied along with classic assessments of exposure, such as chemistry and in vitro bioassays, to evaluate condition of benthic bacterial communities subjected to PTSs. Two strategies were adopted for the study. One was to conduct a comprehensive assessment in space (by comparing seawater and freshwater sites at five coastal regions) and in time (by following change over a 5-y period). Although we found that bacterial composition varied among and within years, some phyla, such as Proteobacteria (28.7%), Actinobacteria (13.1%), Firmicutes (12.7%), and Chloroflexi (12.5%) were consistently dominated across the study regions. Certaoach and has potential as a more rapid screening tool. Lyophilized postbiotics of Lactobacillus plantarum was prepared and impregnated in bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) by ex-situ method to develop an antimicrobial ground meat wrapping nanopaper. The postbiotics incorporated BNC (P-BNC) films were optimized by response surface methodology and their antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes were examined. The BNC with postbiotics at 21.21% concentration and 28 min impregnation time was chosen as an optimized P-BNC film. The FTIR results confirmed the immobilization of postbiotics in BNC. The P-BNC film represented a significant reduction (~5 log cycles) in L.monocytogenes counts in ground meat at the end of the storage period (9 days at 4 °C). Meat wrapped by P-BNC film displayed a significant decrease in total mesophilic and psychrophiles count and TBA values than the controls. BNC can be considered as a proper carrier for development of antimicrobial film using postbiotics of LAB for food application. Sourdough is a very interesting natural preservation system to prolong mould free shelf-life of bread. Numerous studies have reported that the antifungal activity of sourdough is mainly correlated with the presence of lactic (LA) and acetic acid (AA), but very few information is available on the effect of undissociated acid concentrations in the aqueous phase of bread (CHA; mmole/L). This study was conducted to provide additional information about the mode of action of the acids in sourdough bread, enabling a better shelf-life prediction. This study was divided into two parts. In part 1, three industrial biological sourdoughs were characterized (dough yield, pH, aw, fermentation quotient, microbiota). During 7 weeks, a shelf-life test with natural flora was conducted with daily checks of visible mould growth (21 °C). In part 2, the effect of the acids present in the antifungal active sourdough breads was validated in chemically acidified wheat breads. Complete growth inhibition was observed in full-baked sourd moisture content. Foodborne illnesses affect the health of consumers worldwide, and thus searching for potential antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens is given an increased focus. This research evaluated the influence of sodium lactate (SL), encapsulated (e) and unencapsulated (u) polyphosphates (PP; sodium tripolyphosphate, STP; sodium acid pyrophosphate, SPP), and their combinations on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157H7 and Staphylococcus aureus growth in cooked ground beef during 30 day storage at 4 or 10 °C. pH, water activity (aw), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157H7 and S. aureus counts were determined. S. Typhimurium was not found in SPP-SL combination groups after 30 day storage at 4 °C (P  less then 0.05). Lower S. Typhimurium levels were determined in only SL containing groups stored at 10 °C than group with only tested microorganism (MO, P  less then  0.05). Although there was no change in S. Typhimurium load in all SL incorporated groups during 10 °C storagnd control (P  less then  0.05). The lowest aw was generally obtained in all SL containing groups at both storage temperatures (P  less then  0.05). Lower ORP was determined in all PP incorporated groups during storage at both temperatures compared to others (P  less then  0.05). ORP in all treatments generally increased (P  less then  0.05) during storage at both storage temperatures. This study showed that encapsulation is not a factor affecting antimicrobial efficiency of PP and using PP-SL combinations have synergistic effect on reducing the viability of S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157H7 and S. aureus and their subsequent growth ability in cooked ground beef. V.Herein, we communicate our recent medicinal chemistry efforts which have culminated in a series of PI3Kδ/γ dual inhibitors structurally featuring a seven-membered spirocyclic spacer. Compound 26, the most potent one among them, exhibited superior PI3Kδ inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.0 nM) to that of the approved PI3Kδ inhibitor Idelalisib. Besides, it exerted remarkable anti-proliferative efficacy against human malignant B-cell line SU-DHL-6 with GI50 value of 33 nM. The biochemical assay against the other three class I PI3K isoforms identified compound 26 as a potent PI3Kδ/γ dual inhibitor with considerable selectivity over PI3Kα and PI3Kβ. In SU-DHL-6 cells, a dramatic down-regulation of PI3K signaling was observed following compound 26-treatment at the concentration as low as 10 nM. Inspiringly, the pharmacokinetic (PK) study in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats revealed it was orally available with a favorable bioavailability (F = 87.5%). Overall, compound 26, a promising PI3Kδ/γ dual inhibitor, has the potential to emerge as a clinical candidate for the treatment of leukocyte-mediated malignancies after extensive functional investigation. click here OBJECTIVES Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporal bones, specifically of the cochlea and retro-cochlear pathway, is an important investigation in the diagnostic workup and management of congenital hearing loss. However, obtaining a diagnostic quality MRI scan depends upon the need for the infant to remain still for the duration of the scan. The Feed and Wrap (F + W) technique is a method that has been used successfully in infants for scans of other parts of the body, but has not been properly studied in MRI scans performed for hearing loss. The primary aim was to evaluate the diagnostic success rate of a newly introduced Feed and Wrap MRI scanning protocol used for assessment of sensorineural hearing loss in infants at Western Australia's Tertiary Paediatric hospital over the last three years. The secondary aims were to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this technique and to review the available published literature on this technique and compare it to our case series. METHODS All F + W MRI scans performed for the investigation of congenital hearing loss between 2016 and 2019 at the King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women and Perth Children's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed.