Denckerlyhne1583
al assessment control condition may not be necessary when assessing intervention efficacy across longitudinal follow-ups. However, when attrition at 12-month follow-up is a salient concern, a minimal assessment control may retain more participants than repeated assessment.
This study examines how the alcohol industry responded to developments in Irish alcohol policy leading to the 2018 Public Health (Alcohol) Act, a set of measures designed to reduce overall alcohol consumption in order to reduce harm to health and society. Previous research has emphasized the political and economic strengths of the alcohol industry in Ireland and elsewhere. This study examines the origins of and the debates over this legislation to better understand the political tactics of the alcohol industry.
The study focuses on developments between 2009 and 2018, tracing activities by industry actors to shape the policy process at different junctures. Data for the study are drawn from 18 semi-structured interviews with politicians, government advisors, public health experts, and advocates as well as from relevant primary documents, public statements, and newspaper articles.
The study identifies three interrelated tactics used by alcohol industry actors--obstruction through participation, coalition-bof the alcohol industry's political tactics in Ireland and elsewhere, including the use of lobbying registry data as a potential data source.
Little research has been conducted on consumer perceptions of alcohol packaging as a marketing tool. The aim of this study was to explore how young adults view and engage with alcohol packaging.
Eight focus groups were conducted in Glasgow (Scotland) with current drinkers (
= 50), segmented by age (18-24, 25-35), gender (female, male), and social grade (ABC1, C2DE). Participants were shown, allowed to handle, and asked about a range of alcoholic products.
Five main themes emerged from the data. The first was the ubiquity of alcohol packaging, with frequent exposure reported in different settings, such as shops and drinking venues, and via marketing. The second was appeal, with pack graphics (e.g., color), structure (e.g., shape, size), and promotions (e.g., gifts, limited editions) allowing alcohol packs to catch attention, enabling products to stand out on shelves, and helping to create product and brand liking, interest, and choice. Third, alcohol packaging was frequently associated with specific occasions and activities. Fourth, alcohol packaging informed perceptions of product-consumer targeting, suitability, and intended drinker profiles. Fifth, alcohol packaging also engaged nonvisual senses (e.g., touch, sound, smell), guiding expectations of product taste and palatability.
For young adult drinkers in Scotland, alcohol packaging can capture attention, create appeal, and help shape perceptions of the product, drinker, and drinking experience.
For young adult drinkers in Scotland, alcohol packaging can capture attention, create appeal, and help shape perceptions of the product, drinker, and drinking experience.
College women report high rates of sexual assault. Research focused on women's risk factors for sexual assault remains necessary to assist women in reducing their risk. Previous work has shown alcohol use and cannabis use to be associated with sexual assault. The current study examined whether individual difference variables moderated women's risk for sexual assault during occasions of alcohol use and cannabis use using ecological momentary assessment (EMA).
Participants were 18- to 24-year-old first-year undergraduate women (
= 101) who were unmarried and interested in dating men, consumed three or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion in the month before baseline, and engaged in sexual intercourse at least once. Baseline individual difference variables included sex-related alcohol expectancies, alcohol problems, decision skills, and sexual attitudes. EMA reports, collected three times per day over 42 days, included items regarding alcohol and cannabis use and sexual assault experiences.
Among women who experienced sexual assault during the EMA period (
= 40), those with higher sexual risk expectancies had a higher probability of sexual assault during occasions when they were using alcohol or cannabis.
Several modifiable risk factors for sexual assault and individual differences factors may exacerbate risk. Ecological momentary interventions may be useful to reduce sexual assault risk for women with high sexual risk expectancies who use alcohol or cannabis.
Several modifiable risk factors for sexual assault and individual differences factors may exacerbate risk. Ecological momentary interventions may be useful to reduce sexual assault risk for women with high sexual risk expectancies who use alcohol or cannabis.
Alcohol use in the military is prevalent and has short- and long-term health, safety, and career consequences. Although several studies have examined service members' alcohol consumption, few have focused on alcohol use among military spouses. This study assessed factors at individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels to determine associations with risky alcohol use among military spouses.
Data from baseline and first follow-up of the Millennium Cohort Family Study were used (
= 5,475; 4,923 female) to model spousal self-reported risky drinking (heavy and/or binge drinking) at follow-up. Predictors included demographic characteristics, spousal adverse childhood experiences and mental health, smoking status, marital status, family satisfaction, social support, military stress, and service member military characteristics. Logistic regression models assessed the adjusted associations between spouse and service member characteristics and spousal risky drinking at follow-up.
Among spouses in this s family unit.
Sleep problems are common among military members and may increase substance use risk. This study examines longitudinal associations between sleep problems and substance use among U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard (USAR/NG) soldiers as well as differences between current and former soldiers.
Data are drawn from Operation SAFETY (Soldiers and Families Excelling Through the Years), an ongoing prospective study of the health and well-being of USAR/NG soldiers and their spouses. We used generalized estimating equation models (
= 485 soldiers; 79.8% male) to examine residual change in substance use (alcohol problems, heavy drinking, current use of any drug, nonmedical use of prescription drugs [NMUPD], and illicit drugs) associated with sleep problems (globally and particular dimensions) over 3 years, controlling for probable post-traumatic stress disorder, age, sex, and substance use at the prior time point. Interaction models examined differences by military status (current vs. former soldier).
Sleep prated from the military. These findings support routine screening for sleep problems among soldiers and predischarge education around substance use risks related to unaddressed sleep problems.
Medicinal cannabis use (MCU) among youth is correlated with frequent cannabis use and multiple substance use and health-related indicators. This study examined whether correlates of self-reported MCU among youth varied as a function of the primary health condition for which cannabis is used.
Data were drawn from the 2017 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs Survey. Youth (ages 15-24) who reported past-year cannabis use were included in these analyses. Regression analyses (controlling for age and sex) compared youth reporting only nonmedicinal cannabis use (NMCU only,
= 2,082) to youth reporting MCU for physical health conditions (
= 227), mental health conditions (
= 271), or insomnia (
= 98).
Relative to youth reporting NMCU only, youth reporting MCU for physical or mental health conditions had greater odds of reporting daily cannabis use, cannabis problems, vaporization and oral ingestion of cannabis, and tobacco use. Youth reporting MCU for physical health reasons also had greater odds of both illicit drug use and prescription pain medication use, whereas youth reporting MCU for mental health reasons had greater odds of prescription sedative use. Youth in both the physical health and mental health MCU groups reported poorer health and mental health compared with the NMCU-only group. Youth reporting MCU for insomnia had greater odds of cannabis problems relative to youth in the NMCU-only group, but there were no other differences between these groups.
Findings provide new insight into the correlates of MCU among youth in the Canadian population, suggesting that these correlates vary as a function of the primary reason for MCU.
Findings provide new insight into the correlates of MCU among youth in the Canadian population, suggesting that these correlates vary as a function of the primary reason for MCU.
Drawing on a study of the range and magnitude of harms that alcohol caused to specific others in Australia, and on social and health agency statistics for collective costs, this article produces an analysis of the economic cost of alcohol's harm to others (AHTO) in Australia.
This study used a general population survey and routinely collected social response agencies' data to quantify different costs of AHTO, using methods consistent with International Guidelines for Estimating the Costs of Substance Abuse. This approach estimates costs for health care and social services, crime costs, costs of productivity loss, quality of life-year loss and other expenses, including both tangible costs (direct and indirect) and intangible costs of loss of quality of life (respondents' self-reported loss of health-related quality of life).
The cost of AHTO in Australia was AUD$19.81 billion (95% CI [11.99, 28.34]), with tangible costs accounting for 58% of total costs ($11.45 billion, which is 0.68% of gross domestic product in 2016) and intangible costs of $8.36 billion. The costs to private individuals or households ($18.1 billion and 89% of total costs of AHTO) are greater than the costs to the government or society because of others' drinking in Australia.
This study presents an estimation of the economic cost of harm from others' drinking. The economic costs from others' drinking are large and of much the same magnitude as the costs that drinkers impose on themselves, as found in previous studies. Preventing harm to others from drinking is important as a public health goal for both economic and humane reasons.
This study presents an estimation of the economic cost of harm from others' drinking. The economic costs from others' drinking are large and of much the same magnitude as the costs that drinkers impose on themselves, as found in previous studies. Scutellarin Preventing harm to others from drinking is important as a public health goal for both economic and humane reasons.
Cannabis and tobacco retailers are believed to cluster in areas with more racial/ethnic minorities, which could account for the disproportionate use of blunts in Black and Hispanic communities. The current study examined the spatial relationship between cannabis and licensed tobacco retailers in Los Angeles County, California, and assessed whether various neighborhood and business factors influenced the spatial patterning.
Generalized additive models were used to test the association between the location of cannabis retailers (
= 429) and their accessibility potential (AP) to tobacco retailers (
= 8,033). The covariates included cannabis licensure status, median household income, population density, percentages of racial/ ethnic minorities and young adults (18-34), unemployment status, families living in poverty, minimum completion of high school/General Educational Development (GED) credential, and industrial businesses by census tract.
The location of cannabis retailers was significantly associated with AP in all adjusted models (
< .
