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Bilinguals who switch from a monolingual context to a bilingual context enhance their domain-general attentional system. But what drives the adaptation process and translates into the observed increased efficiency of the attentional system? To uncover the origin of the plasticity in a bilingual's language experience, we investigated whether switching between other types of categories also modulated domain-general attentional processes. We compared performance of Catalan-Spanish bilinguals across three experiments in which participants performed the Attentional Network Test in a mixed context and in two single contexts that were created by interleaving words with flankers. The contexts were related to switching (or not) between languages (Experiment-1) or between low-level perceptual color categories (Experiment-2) or between linguistic categories (Experiment-3). Both switching between languages and linguistic categories revealed increased target-P3 amplitudes in mixed contexts compared to single contexts. These findings can inform the Inhibitory Control model regarding the locus and domain-generality of attentional adaptations.In forensic medicine, deceased are usually identified by comparing ante- and post-mortem dental or radiological features. However, in severe putrefaction, burning or absent reference data, the remaining tool for identifying human remains is DNA genotyping. But even a DNA-based identification can be challenging when confronted with a high post-mortem interval or heat impacts because it can lead to undesirable degradation of the DNA that varies among tissue types. This retrospective study investigated the identification success in 402 altered human corpses over seven years by comparing the examined tissue types from decomposed, skeletonised and burnt corpses as well as bodies found in water. For each tissue, the STR genotyping results and the number of additional or parallel genetic analyses were evaluated. By comparing the amplification success in samples from altered and unaltered remains, condition-based and tissue-specific differences were observed. With a mean number of 1.6 additional amplifications in cases with well-preserved corpses and 4.5 in altered corpses, the results showed significantly more DNA analyses for altered remains. In 83% of the cases, extra amplifications were performed to identify the corpse. The tissue-specific differences revealed an uncertainty in choosing suitable material from altered corpses for a successful DNA profile. Especially for bone and muscle samples, the genotyping success was the most unpredictable. Furthermore, comparing the retrospective outcome with other research findings, a remarkable variety of recommendations for the "best tissue choice" exists in the forensic community. Thus, our survey highlights the advantages of a broader and systematic approach on hard and soft tissues for successful DNA-based identification of altered human remains at first attempt.Ten Bifidobacterium strains, i.e., 6T3, 64T4, 79T10, 80T4, 81T8, 82T1, 82T10, 82T18, 82T24, and 82T25, were isolated from mantled guereza (Colobus guereza), Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abeli), silvery marmoset (Mico argentatus), golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor), and common pheasant (Phaisanus colchinus). Cells are Gram-positive, non-motile, non-sporulating, facultative anaerobic, and fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase-positive. Phylogenetic analyses based on the core genome sequences revealed that isolated strains exhibit close phylogenetic relatedness with Bifidobacterium genus members belonging to the Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium pullorum, and Bifidobacterium tissieri phylogenetic groups. Phenotypic characterization and genotyping based on the genome sequences clearly show that these strains are distinct from each of the type strains of the so far recognized Bifidobacterium species. Thus, B. phasiani sp. nov. (6T3 = LMG 32224T = DSM 112544T), B. pongonis sp. nov. (64T4 = LMG 32281T = DSM 112547T), B. saguinibicoloris sp. nov. (79T10 = LMG 32232T = DSM 112543T), B. colobi sp. nov. (80T4 = LMG 32225T = DSM 112552T), B. simiiventris sp. nov. (81T8 = LMG 32226T = DSM 112549T), B. santillanense sp. nov. (82T1 = LMG 32284T = DSM 112550T), B. miconis sp. nov. (82T10 = LMG 32282T = DSM 112551T), B. amazonense sp. nov. (82T18 = LMG 32297T = DSM 112548T), pluvialisilvae sp. nov. (82T24 = LMG 32229T = DSM 112545T), and B. miconisargentati sp. nov. (82T25 = LMG 32283T = DSM 112546T) are proposed as novel Bifidobacterium species.Two novel strains KQZ13P-1T and MAQZ13P-2 were isolated from bark of Sonneratia apetala collected from Maowei sea Mangrove Nature Reserve in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Two strains were Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, no diffusion pigment actinobacterial strains and investigated by a polyphasic approach to determine their taxonomic position. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value between the two strains were 99.9% and 99.7%, respectively, suggesting that they belonged to the same species. The ANI and dDDH values between strain KQZ13P-1T and five Phycicoccus species were 74.4-95.3% and 20.1-61.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains were member of the genus Phycicoccus and were closely related to P. jejuensis NRRL B-24460T (99.2% sequence similarity), followed by P. ginsengisoli DCY87T (97.5-97.6%). Moreover, based on 88 core genes, the phylogenomic tree indicated that the two strains clustered with P. jejuensis NRRL B-24460T. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of both strains contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids in two strains were C171ω8c, iso-C150 and iso-C160. The major polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis, strains KQZ13P-1T and MAQZ13P-2 represent a novel species of the genus Phycicoccus, for which the name Phycicoccus mangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KQZ13P-1T (=CGMCC 1.18973T = JCM 34556T).Creating a baseline understanding of communicative signals and perceptual abilities is imperative for gaining insight into a species' life history. This is especially relevant for at-risk species, as it can aid in monitoring and conservation efforts. Marine mammals communicate predominately through acoustic modalities for a variety of functions, including foraging and reproduction. The acoustic signals produced by marine mammals, and their ability to perceive signals produced by conspecifics, are directly impacted by the level of ambient noise in the underwater environment in which they inhabit. Modern ocean noise levels are considerably louder than historical levels, and noise is therefore considered to be a threat to acoustically communicating marine mammal species. This review summarizes the documented acoustic signals, hearing abilities, and responses to sound of a critically endangered baleen whale, the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), highlights gaps in the current body of literature, and identifies priorities for future research.Fungi are important compartments of microbial communities of mangroves. Their diversity might be influenced by their habitat environment. This study analyzed the distribution and function of fungal communities in the sediments and plant samples from mangrove ecosystem of the Maowei Sea area in Guangxi, China. The results showed that phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium (17.00%) was mainly observed in the sediments from the protected zone, while endophytic fungi Alternaria (9.22%) and Acremonium (6.09%) were only observed in the sediments from wharf. The fungi in the sediments from village and park were mainly consisted of high-activity endophytes and fungi related to lignin-degrading, respectively. Acaulospora and Aspergillus with higher relative abundance discovered in plant tissues could help plant growth. Cirrenalia (37.66%) and Lignincola (26.73%) with high-activity for lignin-degrading were discovered in decayed leaves. Everolimus concentration The distribution and function of fungi were highly dependent on the environment settings, thus the fungi can be used as indicators for monitoring the environmental change of mangrove ecosystems.Glass reinforced plastic (GRP) constitutes the commonest component of small sea going craft of all descriptions. This study provides a baseline molecular and elemental account of GRP's recovered from the marine environment. Fourteen samples of GRP sourced from scrapyards and one sample sourced from a GRP boat manufacturer were examined. Samples were analysed by x-ray fluorescence and mid infrared (MIR). The latter technique confirmed that all samples contained the same polyester resin, poly diallyl phthalate (PDP). The two techniques in combination indicate the presence of aluminium calcium borosilicate E-glass fibres (E denotes electrical) of variable origins. MIR results are consistent with hydrolysis of polyester, weakening of the glass fibre resin interface facilitating exposure of e-type fibres to water which accelerates fibre breakage. The implication being that aging of GRP in the marine environment represent sources for micro ( less then 5 mm) and macro plastic release, plus fragmented asbestiform-like silicate fibres.Seagrass beds act as blue carbon sinks globally; however, little attention has been given to carbon dynamics in the seagrass rhizosphere. Hence, in this study, the quantity and characteristics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from root exudation of the three dominant tropical seagrasses (Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, and Cymodocea rotundata) and sediment pore water beneath them were compared, to examine their interspecific differences, and to establish a connection between seagrass root exudation and sediment carbon. The rate of root-exuded DOC from T. hemprichii (2.15 ± 1.06 mg g DW root-1 h-1) was significantly higher (p less then 0.05) than that from E. acoroides (0.72 ± 0.39 mg g DW root-1 h-1) and C. rotundata (0.46 ± 0.25 mg g DW root-1 h-1). Root exudation rates were more affected by root hair density and root hair length than by root carbon, nitrogen, and soluble sugar content. Simultaneously, DOC concentrations of the sediment pore water beneath T. hemprichii, E. acoroides and C. rotundata were 22.05 ± 11.61 mg l-1, 15.55 ± 2. 66 mg l-1, and 14.32 ± 1.82 mg l-1, respectively. The corresponding absorption coefficients at 254 nm (a254) were 30.53 ± 18.00, 17.31 ± 2.24, and 14.07 ± 2.03, respectively, while the relevant specific ultraviolet absorbances at 254 nm (SUVA254) were 1.38 ± 0.29, 1.19 ± 0.26 and 1.03 ± 0.28, respectively. Therefore, the roots of T. hemprichii exuded DOC at a higher rate, leading to a higher pore-water DOC pool in the sediment. This suggests that T. hemprichii played a greater role in the sediment carbon pool through root exudation. Thus, it can be considered as the priority species for transplantation to promote the carbon sink function of seagrass beds.

Environmental noise exposure is increasing but limited research has been done on the association with emotional, aggressive, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related symptoms in children.

To analyze the association between prenatal and childhood environmental noise exposure and emotional, aggressive, and ADHD-related symptoms in children from two European birth cohorts.

We included 534 children from the Spanish INMA-Sabadell Project and 7424 from the Dutch Generation R Study. Average 24h noise exposure at the participants' home address during pregnancy and childhood periods were estimated using EU maps from road traffic noise and total noise (road, aircraft, railway, and industry). Symptom outcomes were assessed using validated questionnaires Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Child Behavioral Checklist, ADHD Criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition List, and Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised at 4, 7 and 9years (INMA-Sabadell cohort) and 18months, 3, 5, and 9years (Generation R Study).