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Relative PL was significantly greater (5.35 ± 0.82 vs. 4.26 ± 0.59 AU.min-1, p less then .001, effect size = 1.57) during women's matches with a greater proportion of each quarter and match spent within PL band 2 compared to men's matches (11.6 ± 2.2 vs. 8.8 ± 1.4%, p less then .001, effect size = 1.53), likely due to a reduced number of referees officiating. Minimal differences existed between the regular season and playoff matches for absolute PL, relative PL, and proportion of quarter/match time within PL bands. Conclusion The current study confirmed that referees experienced considerable exercise volume and intensity per match during a competitive season with these influenced primarily by referee configuration. The current results provide crucial information to develop effective training regimes for referees during a competitive season.Some societies tolerate or encourage high levels of chickenpox infection among children to reduce rates of shingles among older adults. This tradeoff is unethical. The varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes both chickenpox and shingles. After people recover from chickenpox, VZV remains in their nerve cells. If their immune systems become unable to suppress the virus, they develop shingles. According to the Exogenous Boosting Hypothesis (EBH), a person's ability to keep VZV suppressed can be 'boosted' through exposure to active chickenpox infections. We argue that even if this hypothesis were true, immunization policies that discourage routine childhood varicella vaccination in order to prevent shingles for other people are unethical. Such policies harm children and treat them as mere means for the benefit of others, and are inconsistent with how parents should treat their children and physicians should treat their patients. These policies also seem incompatible with institutional transparency.The airway epithelium is continuously exposed to environmental irritants, which can cause adverse effects such as irritant-induced asthma (IIA). Mast cells are located near airway epithelia and are able to respond to a variety of stimuli. We aimed to investigate whether mast cells influence the response of the epithelium upon irritant exposure. Two cell lines and three different seeding conditions, that is, bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) only, 16HBE with mast cells (HMC-1's) basolaterally, and 16HBE with HMC-1's apically, were established. Upon exposure to the environmental irritants, graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) or hypochlorite (ClO-), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular flux of fluorescent-labeled dextrans were determined, along with the release of mediators. Identical experiments were conducted with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. Exposure to G and GO induced a significant and permanent decrease of approximately 70% in TEER after 3 h of expormation for the underlying mechanism of IIA.

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single intramuscular administration of gonadorelin to induce ovulation in queens in oestrus.

Twenty-seven queens presented in oestrus for elective ovariectomy were divided into a treatment (n = 19) and a placebo (n = 8) group. Treated queens received a 50 µg dose of gonadorelin, while placebo-treated queens were injected intramuscularly (IM) with an equal amount of saline solution. All treatments were performed between the second and fourth days of heat.

Two days later, signs of behavioural heat had disappeared in all gonadorelin-treated queens, while 5/8 placebo-treated queens were still in heat. Following ovariectomy, performed 4 days after drug administration, the ovaries of each queen were evaluated histologically and the number of corpora lutea were counted. Sixteen of 19 (84%) gonadorelin-treated queens had ovulated and developed five (range 2-9) corpora lutea, while 3/8 (37%) placebo-treated queens had ovulated and developed five (range 3-6) corpora lutea.

This is the first study to document the efficacy of a 50 µg/cat gonadorelin dose to induce ovulation in oestrous queens when administered IM on days 2-4 following the onset of oestrus.

This is the first study to document the efficacy of a 50 µg/cat gonadorelin dose to induce ovulation in oestrous queens when administered IM on days 2-4 following the onset of oestrus.Introduction. Laparoscopic treatment of deep endometriosis (DE) is associated with intra- and post-operative morbidity. New technological developments, such as haptic feedback in laparoscopic instruments, could reduce the rate of complications. The aim of this study was to assess the room for improvement and potential cost-effectiveness of haptic feedback instruments in laparoscopic surgery. Methods. To assess the potential value of haptic feedback, a decision analytical model was constructed. Complications that could be related to the absence of haptic feedback were included in the model. Costs of complications were based on the additional length of hospital stay, operating time, outpatient visits, reinterventions, and/or conversions to laparotomy. The target population consists of women who are treated for DE in the Netherlands. A headroom analysis was performed to estimate the maximum value of haptic feedback in case it would be able to prevent all selected intra- and post-operative complications. selleck compound Results. A total of 9.7 intraoperative and 47.0 post-operative complications are expected in the cohort of 636 patients annually treated for DE in the Netherlands. Together, these complications cause an additional length of hospital stay of 432.1 days, 10.2 additional outpatient visits, 73.9 reinterventions, and 4.2 conversions. Most consequences are related to post-operative complications. The total additional annual costs due to complications were €436 623, amounting to €687 additional costs per patient. Discussion. This study demonstrated that the potential value for improvement in DE laparoscopic surgery by using haptic feedback instruments is considerable, mostly caused by the potential prevention of major post-operative complications.Heart auscultation has been recognised for a long time as an important tool for the diagnosis of heart disease; it is the most common and widely recommended method to screen for structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system. Detecting relevant characteristics and forming a diagnosis based on the sounds heard through a stethoscope, however, is a skill that can take years to be acquired and refine. The efficiency and accuracy of diagnosis based on heart sound auscultation can be improved considerably by using digital signal processing techniques to analyse phonocardiographic (PCG) signals. The study of the functioning of the heart is very important for the diagnosis of different cardiac pathologies. The phonocardiogram signal (PCG) is the signal generated after conversion of the sound noises coming from the heart into an electrical signal, it groups together a set of four cardiac noises (S1, S2, S3, S4) which are in direct correlation with cardiac activity. The short-term Fourier Transform (STFT) is an analytical technique that describes the evolution of the time and frequency behaviour of these four heart sounds.