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e., d post inoculation [DPI] 0), whereas uninfected birds were sham-inoculated with tap water. A one-way ANOVA was performed on outcomes including growth performance, hematology, serum chemistry profiles, immunophenotyping profiles, and intestinal lesion scores. In both studies, DPI 0 to 7 weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were worse (P less then 0.05) in all infected groups compared with the UCON group. Compared with ICON, DEP supplementation elicited no differences on overall growth performance. Histopathology and lesion scores revealed severe damage to the gut epithelium owing to the Eimeria challenge, yet DEP supplementation did not improve these outcomes or oocyst shedding, hematological measurements, or serum chemistry. However, DEP supplementation improved (P less then 0.05) the percentage of circulating CD3+ cells at 6 DPI in study 2. These results indicate that DEP does not appear to elicit a coccidiostatic effect during a severe infection with E. acervulina or E. tenella.To study the effects of antibacterial peptides (ABPs) on feeding broilers, this experiment compared the 2 combinations of ABP with antibiotics by separately adding the supplement to the diet of 818 broilers as follows-antibiotics, Pratt and Full-tide, and Pratt and plant essential oil-and then the effect of them on production performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, serum biochemical indicators, and microorganisms of the experimental flocks was investigated and compared. It was found that the aforementioned indicators among the 2 groups of ABP and the antibiotic group were close to or even better than those of antibiotics, and the combination added with plant essential oils had generally better effects. These results indicated that ABPs could improve economic benefits by promoting growth, preventing disease, and reducing the rate of death. This study deepened the research on the action mechanism of ABPs and not only explored the feasibility of ABPs as a novel feed additive for broilers but also provided experimental data and theoretical basis for the application of ABPs.This report demonstrates that high levels of lameness can be induced by a limited bacterial challenge in drinking water for birds raised on litter flooring, comparable with lameness induced by the gold standard for inducing lameness, growth on suspended wire flooring. The bacterium used in the challenge was cultured from lesions in birds induced for bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in the wire-flooring model so the epidemiology appears similar. The litter-flooring model could better approximate broiler operations. Furthermore, the work demonstrates that 2 commercial probiotics (GalliProTect and GalliProMax) can reduce lameness in the bacterial challenge litter-flooring model. Lameness attributable to BCO is one of the most significant animal welfare issues for broiler production. The wire-flooring and litter-flooring models afford alternatives for understanding the etiology, and epidemiology of BCO, and development of management strategies to reduce lameness. Probiotics afford a promising management strategy. The results suggest that the probiotic protection may extend beyond just intestinal health and intestinal barrier function.The present experiment aimed to compare toxic effects of dietary organic or inorganic selenium (Se) and to predict of Se intake and tissue Se concentrations in broiler chickens based on feather Se concentrations. A total of four hundred twenty 7-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment had 6 replicates with 10 birds per replicate. Organic Se (selenium yeast) or inorganic Se (sodium selenite) was added to the basal diet at the levels of 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg Se. All experimental diets were fed to birds on an ad libitum basis for 28 d. Results indicated that a significant interaction (P less then 0.01) was observed between Se sources and inclusion levels for the BW gain and feed intake of broiler chickens with inorganic Se at 15 mg/kg in diets showing a greatest negative effect. Increasing inclusion levels of Se in diets increased (linear, P less then 0.01) plasma concentrations of uric acid. Increasing inclusion levels of Se in diets increased (linear, P less then 0.01) relative liver weight. No significant interactions were observed between Se sources and inclusion levels in diets on hepatic antioxidant capacity. Increasing inclusion levels of Se in diets increased (linear, P less then 0.01) Se concentrations in the liver, breast, and feather. The concentrations of Se in the breast, liver, and feather were greater (P less then 0.05) for organic Se than for inorganic Se in diets. The toxic levels of organic or inorganic Se in broiler diets were near 7 or 9 mg/kg based on the BW gain, respectively. The prediction equations indicate that feather Se concentrations in broiler chickens can be used to predict both daily Se intake and Se concentrations in the liver and breast.Currently, the widely used vaccine against duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) disease is inactivated vaccine which, however, facing the limits of large inoculation dose, short immunization period, and incomplete effectiveness. Access to efficient adjuvants aiding for DTMUV inactivated vaccine seems to be of critical importance. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was reported to induce a persistent expansion of effector T cells and could be a promising molecular adjuvant for many kinds of vaccines. In this study, the efficacy of duck interleukin (dIL)-2 as an adjuvant for a DTMUV inactivated vaccine was evaluated. Fifty-five Pekin ducks were divided into 5 groups and intramuscularly administered with 5 batches of vaccines at 42 D (A DTUMV + dIL-2; B 1/2DTUMV + dIL-2; C DTUMV; D 1/2DTUMV and E PBS), respectively, and received the second vaccination 2 wk later. Fifty-six days after immunization, 6 ducks from each group were randomly selected to conduct a challenge protection test. Antibody titers and cytokine responses were detected to assess humoral and cellular immune responses in serum of inoculated ducks by hemagglutination inhibition and ELISA, respectively; virus isolation and RT-PCR method were used in immunity protective test. Our results showed that dIL-2 exerted an enhanced effect on the vaccine while reducing the dose of inoculated antigen highlighting high adjuvanticity of IL-2. The vaccines supplemented with IL-2 induced a higher level of antibodies and higher percentage of inhibition values than inactivated vaccines without IL-2 to a significant extent. The production level of IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 genes were elevated, enhancing both humoral and cellular responses. Furthermore, it provided higher protection after virus challenge. Therefore, IL-2 can be considered as a potential adjuvant for inactivated vaccine against DTMUV disease.Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) has posed a grave threat to the health of poultry, and the sudden outbreak highlights the importance of the new rapid diagnostic method for the control and prevention of transmission. Hence, in the present study, a novel recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay, which was suitable for all 12 serotypes (FAdV-1 to 8a and 8b to 11) had been successfully launched to detect FAdV. Also, the entire amplification process could be completed in the isothermal condition when temperature ranged from 26 to 42°C within no more than 14 min, which was remarkably superior to endpoint polymerase chain reaction (98 min) with the same detecting sensitivity (as low as 0.1 fg viral DNA), avoiding sophisticated thermal cyclers with simple operation. Homoharringtonine concentration Additionally, the same primers did not produce positive reactions with other viruses tested, demonstrating that the specificity of the RPA assay was acceptable. Moreover, this developed method could be efficiently used in the diagnosis of FAdV references and epidemic strains from different avian origins, thus making it a rapid, reliable, and point-of-care FAdV diagnostics tool, as well as an alternative to endpoint PCR.Host defense peptides (HDP) are multifunctional effectors of the innate immune system, which has antimicrobial and pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions. Although there is a very sophisticated superposition of adaptive immune systems in vertebrates, this system is still essential. As an important family of HDP, cathelicidins are also known for their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. It has been found in humans and other species, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits, and some kind of fish. Among them, cathelicidins in birds were described for the first time in 2005. This review focuses on the structure, biological activities, expression, and regulation of avian cathelicidin, especially main effects of host defense cathelicidin on potential therapeutic applications. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for cathelicidin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of cathelicidin as novel therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic tibiotarsal bone disease in rapidly growing birds throughout the world, which is characterized by gait disorders, reduced growth, and in an unrecoverable lameness in many cases. The short production cycle in chickens, long metabolism cycle in most of the drugs with the severe drug residue, and high treatment cost severely restrict the enthusiasm for the treatment of TD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the prevention, treatment, and cure of avian bone diseases. Previously, a couple of traditional Chinese medicines has been reported being useful in treating TD. This review will discuss the TCM used in TD and the alternative TCM to treat TD. Selecting a TCM approach and its pharmacologic effects on TD chickens mainly focused on the differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of chondrocytes, angiogenesis, matrix metabolism, oxidative damage, cytokines, and calcification of cartilage in tibia.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has 2 protein isoforms (PPARγ1 and PPARγ2) generated by alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing. However, their functional uniqueness and similarity remain unclear. In the study, we investigated the effects of lentivirus-mediated overexpression of PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 on proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of the immortalized chicken preadipocytes. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay showed PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 overexpression markedly suppressed cell proliferation, and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis showed that PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 overexpression caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Cell death detection ELISA analysis showed both PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 overexpression induced cell apoptosis. Oil red O staining and gene expression analysis showed both PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 overexpression promoted preadipocyte differentiation. In the presence of PPARγ ligand, rosiglitazone, PPARγ2 overexpression was more potent in inducing apoptosis, promoting adipogenesis, and suppressing cell proliferation than PPARγ1 overexpression.