Borreanthony4050

Lake waters ranged from saline to hypersaline, and exhibited normal, well mixed and inverse stratification patterns, and results suggest a correlation with lake morphology in the Salar de Llamara. Saline to hypersaline lakes (>150 mS/cm) with stratified brines tended to have crystalline substrate and deep (>35 cm) and steep-sided lake morphologies, while unstratified lakes with lower electrical conductivity ( less then 90 mS/cm and microbial substrates had gentle slopes and characteristically shallow depths ( less then 30 cm). Differences in minor element chemistry (Mn and Sr) between saline lakes were observed on scales of meters to kilometers, and result in different accessory mineral assemblages. Quantification of the physical, chemical, and microbial feedbacks that produce the observed heterogeneity in these ecosystems provides key insight into the geochemical composition and lake morphology of saline lakes in extreme environments around the world.Fungi, cyanobacteria and algae are specific microbial groups associated with the deterioration and safety of stone monuments. In this study, high-throughput sequencing analysis was used to investigate the diversity, distributions, ecological functions, and interaction patterns of both the fungal and microalgal (including cyanobacteria and algae) communities on sandstone in the Beishiku Temple, located on the ancient Silk Road. The results showed that the core phyla of fungi were affiliated with unclassified Lecanoromycetes, Engyodontium, Knufia, Epicoccum, Endocarpon, and Cladosporium of Ascomycota whereas the phyla of microalgae were dominated by prokaryotic Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic Chlorophyta. The environmental factors of temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were monitored simultaneously. The structure of the microbial communities was much more strongly shaped by soluble Cl-, Na+, NO3- ions than by the light intensity, moisture content or temperature, especially for the weathered sandstone located outside the caves. The co-occurrence network analysis suggested that a more stable community structure was evident outside the caves than inside. The stronger positive connections and coexistence patterns that were detected indicate a strong adaptability of fungi and microalgae to the distinct oligotrophic microhabitats on sandstone. The metacommunity co-occurrence network exhibited the ecological predominance of fungi, and most of the functional fungi in the biofilms outside the caves belonged to the Lichenized group, based on the FUNGuild prediction. These findings highlight the ecology and functions of stone-inhabiting microorganisms to further advance the current understanding and knowledge of sandstone biodeterioration for protection and management.Fluorine stability in the soil is crucial to protecting the groundwater and the food chain from pollution by fluorine, which was abundantly present (762.78-1330.66 mg/kg) in soda saline-alkali soil areas of western Jilin Province. This study investigated the fluorine distribution and pollution level in soil. Two representative areas in Zhenlai County, namely Chagan and Hatu villages, were selected to gather soda saline-alkali soil profiles (0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm) from different cultivation years (i.e. 3, 5, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, and 20). The results revealed that fluorine content in soil decreased with increasing cultivation years. In the soil profiles, fluorine and water-soluble fluorine concentrations followed the order of 40-60 > 20-40 > 0-20 cm, while the contents of exchangeable and organic matter-bound fluorine decreased with the increasing profile depth. Rice planting increased the content of macroaggregates with diameters >2 and 2-0.25 mm, which significantly improved the aggregate structure of the soil. The fluorine content was the greatest in microaggregate with particle sizes less then 0.053 mm in the aggregates' sizes. Rice planting in saline-alkali soil reduced the contents of water-soluble and exchangeable fluorine, while enhancing the content of organic matter-bound fluorine, thereby reducing the bioavailability of fluorine in the soil and the risk of fluorine migration through the groundwater. The degree of soil pollution decreased with increasing plantation years, and the soil became slightly polluted after 15 years of rice planting. The rice plants grew normally after years of improving fluorine-containing saline-alkali land, and the fluorine content was within the safe limit.In aquatic ecosystems, large amounts of epiphytic bacteria living on the leaf surfaces of submerged macrophytes play important roles in affecting plant growth and biogeochemical cycling. The restoration of different submerged macrophytes has been considered an effective measure to improve eutrophic lakes. However, the community ecology of epiphytic bacteria is far from well understood for different submerged macrophytes. In this study, we used quantitative PCR, 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and functional prediction analysis to explore the structure and function of epiphytic bacteria in an aquatic ecosystem recovered by three submerged macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria natans and Potamogeton maackianus) during two growth periods. The results showed that the community compositions and functions of epiphytic bacterial communities on the submerged macrophyte hosts were different from those of the planktonic bacterial communities in the surrounding water. The alpha diversity of the epiphytic bacterial community was significantly higher in October than in July, and the community compositions and functions differed significantly in July and October. Among the three submerged macrophytes, the structures and functions of the epiphytic bacterial community exhibited obvious differences, and some specific taxa were enriched on the biofilms of the three plants. The alpha diversity and the abundance of functions related to nitrogen and phosphorus transformation were higher in the epiphytic bacteria of P. maackianus. In summary, these results provide clues for understanding the distribution and formation mechanisms of epiphytic bacteria on submerged macrophyte leaves and their roles in freshwater ecosystems.Upsurge of glacier-related hazards in High Mountain Asia (HMA) has been evident in recent years due to global warming. While many glacial-related hazards are instantaneous, some large landslides were preceded by slow gravitational deformation, which can be predicted to evade catastrophes. Here, we present robust evidence of historical deformation in 2021 Chamoli rock-ice avalanche of Himalaya using space imaging techniques. Multi-temporal satellite data provide evidence of a precursor event in 2016 and expansion of a linear fracture along joint planes, indicating 2021 rock-ice avalanche is a retrogressive wedge failure. The deformation history shows that the fracture propagated at a velocity of ~0.07 m day-1 until September 2020, and with an accelerated velocity (~0.14 m day-1 on average) lately. Analysis of recent similar cases in HMA supported our inference on global warming-induced glacier retreat and thermomechanical effects in enhancing the weakening of fractured rock masses in tectonically active mountain belts. Recent advances in Earth observation and seismic monitoring system can offer clues to the location and timing of impending catastrophic failures in high mountain regions.The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery of phenolic compounds from olive mill and winery wastes by conventional solid-liquid extraction (SLE) using water as the extraction solvent. The studied variables were extraction time (5-15 min), temperature (25-90 °C), solid-to-liquid ratio (110-1100 (kg/L)), pH (3-10) and application of multiple extractions (1-3). The extraction efficiency was evaluated in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV), but also from the recovery of some representative phenolic compounds. STF-083010 in vivo The optimized conditions were one extraction step, 10 min, 25 °C, 130 (kg/L), pH 5 for olive pomace, and one extraction step, 10 min, 70 °C, 1100 (kg/L), pH 5 for winery residues. The extraction method is simple and suitable for scaling-up in industry, and the aqueous extracts are fully compatible with further purification schemes based on the use of membranes or resins. The optimized technique was applied to a set of different representative residues from olive mill and winery industries, to assess their suitability as sources for phenolic compounds recovery. The phenolic content in the extracts was evaluated by chromatographic analysis and by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay (FC). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity was determined by 2,2-azinobis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfonat (ABTS), 2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Because of their high contents in phenolic compounds and great antioxidant capacity, olive pomace and lees filters were identified as especially suited sources for phenolic compounds recovery.Roadside soils may be affected by potential toxicity elements (TPEs) from vehicles; however, pollution status, ecological and health risks of PTEs in roadside soils were rarely reported on national scale. In this study, a dataset of PTEs in roadside soils was compiled based on the literatures published in 2000-2021, and then pollution level, ecological and health risks of PTEs were evaluated using geochemical accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (ER), and human risk assessment coupled with Monte Carlo simulation. Driving factors of PTE accumulation in soils were determined by Geo-detector method. Results indicated that Cd exhibited moderate pollution and considerable ecological risk with the highest Igeo of 1.25 and ER of 100.1, respectively. Vehicle ownership (VP) and precipitation (PP) significantly affected accumulation of PTEs, with q values of 0.209 and 0.191 (P less then 0.05), respectively. VP paired with PP enhanced nonlinearly PTE accumulation (q = 0.77). Only 6.89% and 1.54% of non-carcinogenic risks for children and adolescent exceeded the threshold of 1, respectively, whereas 93.11%, 95.67%, 58.80% and 58.14% of carcinogenic risks for senior, adults, adolescent, and children surpassed 1E-06, respectively. The results of this study provided valuable implication for managers to design effective strategies for pollution prevent and risk control.A novel catalyst-functionalized microbubble system was developed to trigger both of the Fenton reaction and the flotation separation on the gas-liquid interface of bubbles for efficiently removing the recalcitrant organic pollutants from waters. The Fe(II)-functionalized colloidal microbubbles (FCMBs) were featured as large specific surface area, great bubble density and high ·OH activation capacity. Approximately 98.2% and 93.1% of the triphenylmethane and aromatic azo pollutants were removed within 0.5 min, respectively. Particularly, at the lowest Fe(II) dose of 0.2 mmol/L, the FCMB-triggered Fenton still achieved 7.4-20.6% higher removal than the traditional Fenton method at 0.5 min. In addition to the Fenton oxidative degradation mechanism, the FCMBs themselves were able to capture and remove 20.1-36.8% of pollutants from water. Thus, FCMBs served as micro-reactors in terms of (i) the target molecules and intermediates were adhered and separated by FCMBs; and (ii) the FCMBs enhanced the mass transfer of catalyst and exposed sufficient active sites on the bubble surface for catalytic oxidation reaction.