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We conclude that the SRTT induces a rapid and temporary adaptation to the sequence rather than learning, since the repeated motor sequence does not seem to be encoded in memory.The hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation and retrieval of episodic memories in humans and contextual memories in animals. However, amnesia is not always observed when this structure is compromised. To determine why this is the case, we compared the effects of several different circuit manipulations on memory retrieval and hippocampal activity. Mice were first trained on context fear conditioning and then optogenetic and chemogenetic tools were used to alter activity during memory retrieval. We found that retrieval was only impaired when manipulations caused widespread changes (increases or decreases) in hippocampal activity. Widespread increases occurred when pyramidal cells were excited and widespread decreases were found when GABAergic neurons were stimulated. Direct hyperpolarization of excitatory neurons only moderately reduced activity and did not produce amnesia. Surprisingly, widespread decreases in hippocampal activity did not prevent retrieval if they occurred gradually prior to testing. This suggests that intact brain regions can express contextual memories if they are given adequate time to compensate for the loss of the hippocampus.Neurotrophins are signalling molecules involved in the formation and maintenance of synapses in the brain. They can cross the blood-brain barrier and be detected in peripheral blood, suggesting they may be a potential biomarker for brain health and function. In this review, the available literature was systematically searched for studies comparing peripheral neurotrophins levels with MRI and cognitive measures in healthy adults. Twenty-four studies were identified, six of which included a neuroimaging outcome. Fifteen studies measuring cognition were eligible for meta-analysis. The majority of studies measured levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), with few assessing other neurotrophins. Results revealed BDNF is related to some neuroimaging outcomes, with some studies suggesting older age may be an important factor. A higher proportion of studies who had older samples observed significant effects between cognition and neurotrophin levels. When cognitive studies were pooled together in a meta-analysis, there was a weak non-significant effect between BDNF and cognitive outcomes. There was also a high level of heterogeneity between cognitive studies. Results indicated that gender was a notable source of the heterogeneity, but additional studies employing relevant covariates are necessary to better characterise the inter-relationship between circulating neurotrophins and cognition.Epigenetic patterns in a cell control the expression of genes and consequently determine the phenotype of a cell. Cancer cells possess altered epigenomes which include aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, nucleosome positioning and of the three-dimensional chromatin organization within a nucleus. These altered epigenetic patterns are potential useful biomarkers to detect cancer cells and to classify tumor types. In addition, the cancer epigenome dictates the response of a cancer cell to therapeutic intervention and, therefore its knowledge, will allow to predict response to different therapeutic approaches. Here we review the current state-of-the-art technologies that have been developed to decipher epigenetic patterns on the genomic level and discuss how these methods are potentially useful for precision oncology.An l-amino acid oxidase (LAO) is an amino acid metabolism enzyme that also performs a variety of biological activities. Recently, LAOs have been discovered to be deeply involved in innate immunity in fish because of their antibacterial and antiparasitic activity. The determinant of potent antibacterial/antiparasitic activity is the H2O2 byproduct of LAO enzymatic activity that utilizes the l-amino acid as a substrate. In addition, fish LAOs are upregulated by pathogenic bacteria or parasite infection. Furthermore, some fish LAOs show that the target specificity depends on the virulence of the bacteria. All results reflect that LAOs are new innate immune molecules. This review also describes the potential of the immunomodulatory functions of fish LAOs, not only the innate immune function by a direct oxidation attack of H2O2.Oxygen is fundamental to the life of aerobic organisms and is not always available to Paracoccidioides cells. During the life cycle stages, reduced oxygen levels directly affect general metabolic processes and oxygen adaptation mechanisms may play a fundamental role on fungal ability to survive under such condition. this website Heme proteins can bind to oxygen and participate in important biological processes. Several fungi, including Paracoccidioides, express a heme-binding globin (fungoglobin - FglA) presumable to regulate fungal adaptation to hypoxia. However, the characterization of fungoglobin in Paracoccidioides spp. has not yet been performed. this website In this study, we predicted the structure of fungoglobin and determined its level of expression during hypoxic-mimetic conditions. Genomic screening revealed that the fungoglobin gene is conserved in all species of the Paracoccidioides genus. Molecular modeling showed biochemical and biophysical characteristics that support the hypothesis that FglA binds to the heme group and oxygen as well. The fungoglobin transcript and proteins are expressed at higher levels at the early treatment time, remaining elevated while oxygen is limited. A P. brasiliensis fglA knockdown strain depicted reduced growth in hypoxia indicating that this protein can be essential for growth at low oxygen. Biochemical analysis confirmed the binding of fungoglobin to heme. Initial analyzes were carried out to establish the relationship between FlglA and iron metabolism. The FglA transcript was up regulated in pulmonary infection, suggesting its potential role in the disease establishment. We believe that this study can contribute to the understanding of fungal biology and open new perspectives for scientific investigations.