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Improvement was independent of the type of active commuting. Despite relatively few studies that were previously performed, this review revealed that active commuting has health beneficial effects comparable to those of moderate exercise training. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The aim was to examine the bidirectional association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and fatness in a 2-year longitudinal study conducted in young people. A total of 1082 children (512 females) and 727 adolescents (342 females) with complete data at baseline and follow-up were included. CRF was determined by the 20-m shuttle run test. Height and weight were measured and body mass index and fat mass index (kg/m2 ) were calculated. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were assessed to compute body fat percentage. Bidirectionality was tested by including CRF and each fatness index as exposures and outcomes, alternatively, in different regression models. CRF was prospectively associated with fatness indices levels (ß from -0.186 to -0.528; P less then 0.001), remaining significant in children after adjusting for baseline fatness indices. Fatness indices were prospectively associated with CRF (ß from -0.207 to -0.479; P less then 0.001), with no substantial changes observed in children and female adolescents when baseline CRF was considered. Changes in CRF were prospectively associated with several fatness indices, regardless of body fatness at baseline (ß from -0.062 to -0.220; P less then 0.05). Body fatness changes were associated with future CRF levels, independently of baseline CRF, especially in children of both sexes and male adolescents (ß from -0.079 to -0.260; P less then 0.05). Overall, a bidirectional association was observed between CRF and fatness in children and adolescents. The attainment of optimal CRF and fatness levels in early ages should be promoted since it could result in favourable future fatness and CRF levels respectively, which are two key determinants of health status. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Extractive foraging is considered a key selective pressure for the evolution of primate cognitive abilities-the extractive foraging hypothesis. Although tool-use and substrate-use are representatives of the foraging strategy, some primates engage in extractive foraging without external objects. Manual processing skills of prickly foods have been described in some species, whereas there are few studies on other type of food defenses. Here, I describe extractive foraging of hard-shelled walnuts by wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), focusing on whether they accomplish the tasks only by their physical strength or require manual and/or oral processing skills to crack open the walnut shells. The study subjects comprised all members of troop B1 and three nontroop males in Kinkazan Island, Japan. Walnut feeding was observed during the main walnut seasons (September-December) when the troop visited walnut patches for 79 days in 2 years. I categorized the walnut feeding behavior into complete cracking and partial cracking. The number of times the five behavioral elements in the cracking stage occurred were counted from complete cracking. All six adult males and 11 of the 17 adult/adolescent females showed complete cracking, while the remaining females were never observed exhibiting this activity, despite their physical maturity. I observed four clearly distinguishable cracking methods during walnut feeding in the 17 subjects. The compositions of five behavioral elements were different in each method. These results suggest that walnut feeding by Japanese macaques is not only by brute force but requires the acquisition of at least one of four cracking methods for the achievement of complete cracking. In particular, females need to compensate for their physical inferiority by increasing walnut manipulations. To my knowledge, this is the first detailed description on feeding techniques in primates to overcome hard-shelled obstacles without the use of tools and even substrates. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Day-night cycle is the main zeitgeber (time giver) for biological circadian rhythms. Recently, it was suggested that natural diurnal geomagnetic variation may also be utilized by organisms for the synchronization of these rhythms. In this study, life-history traits in Daphnia magna were evaluated after short-term and multigenerational exposure to 16 h day/8 h night cycle, 32 h day/16 h night cycle, diurnal geomagnetic variation of 24 h, simulated magnetic variation of 48 h, and combinations of these conditions. With short-term exposure, the lighting mode substantially influenced the brood to brood period and the lifespan in daphnids. The brood to brood period, brood size, and body length of crustaceans similarly depended on the lighting mode during the multigenerational exposure. At the same time, an interaction of lighting mode and magnetic variations affected to a lesser extent brood to brood period, brood size, and newborn's body length. The influence of simulated diurnal variation on life-history traits in daphnids appeared distinctly as effects of synchronization between periods of lighting mode and magnetic variations during the multigenerational exposure. Newborn's body length significantly depended on the lighting regime when the periods of both studied zeitgebers were unsynchronized, or on the interaction of light regime with magnetic variations when the periods were synchronized. These results confirm the hypothesis that diurnal geomagnetic variation is an additional zeitgeber for biological circadian rhythms. Possible mechanisms for these observed effects are discussed. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.We analyse the rise of 'mindfulness' in English language media discourses and contextualise it in terms of its expression of a persistent underlying 'psychological imagination' in contemporary thinking about social problems. An inversion of C. Wright Mills' much-cited sociological imagination, the psychological imagination draws on medical-scientific authority to treat social problems as private concerns rooted in individual biology, mentality and behaviour. We analyse the roles which academic claims-making, commercial interests and mass mediatisation have played in the rise of mindfulness from the late 1970s onwards. We first map the translation of mindfulness from Buddhist philosophy into Western psychotherapy and popular psychology before considering its emergence and expression in the public sphere of news media claims-making. We argue that where the sociological imagination 'promised' above all the treatment of private troubles as public issues and insights into the 'human variety' produced by myriad ways of living, the psychological imagination promises the isolation of public issues as private concerns rooted in individual biology, mentality and behaviour. The psychological imagination permeates the expression of mindfulness as a solution to social ills and symbolises the comparative decline of assumptions implicit in Mills' 20th century rousing call to social scientists. © 2020 The Authors. Sociology of Health & Illness published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Foundation for SHIL (SHIL).OBJECTIVES Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic inflammation in the digestive tract that affects millions of Americans. Bowel vascularity has important diagnostic information because inflammation is associated with blood flow changes. We recently developed an ultrasensitive ultrasound microvessel imaging (UMI) technique with high vessel sensitivity. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of UMI to assist CD detection and staging. METHODS Ultrasound microvessel imaging was performed on 76 bowel wall segments from 48 symptomatic patients with CD. Clinically indicated computed tomographic/magnetic resonance enterography was used as the reference standard. The vessel-length ratio (VLR, the number of vessel pixels in the bowel wall segment normalized to the segment length) was derived in both conventional color flow imaging (CFI) and UMI to quantitatively stage disease activity. Receiver operating characteristic curves were then analyzed between different disease groups. RESULTS The VLR-CFI and VLR-UMI detected sPhotostable and near-infrared (NIR)-emitting organic fluorophores with large Stokes shifts are in great demand for long-term bioimaging at deeper depths with minimal autofluorescence and self-quenching. We report a new class of benzorhodamines and their analogues that are photostable and emit in the NIR region (up to 785 nm) with large Stokes shifts (>120 nm). The synthesis involves condensation of 7-alkylamino-2-naphthols with 2-(4-(dimethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, which leads to bent-shape benzorhodamines that emit orange fluorescence (~600 nm); however, introduction of steric hindrance near the condensation site switches the regioselectivity, providing a linear benzorhodamine system for the first time. The linear benzorhodamine derivatives provide bright fluorescence images in cell as well as in tissue. A carboxy benzorhodamine is applied for photothermal therapy of cancer cells as well as xenograft cancer mice. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Bismuth(III) flavonolates the impact of structural diversity on antibacterial activity, mammalian cell viability, and cellular uptake. Selleck Navitoclax © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and physical performance testing are often suggested to be related to sports injury risk. This study explored if the combination of FMS and physical performance testing improved identification of non-contact injury risk over FMS testing alone in an elite junior Australian football cohort. Over a three-year period, 573 players completed pre-season injury history questionnaires, FMS, physical performance testing (20-m sprint, vertical jump, planned agility testing, and shuttle run test), and subsequent in-season injury surveillance. Results Neither previous injury or FMS score less then 14 were related to an increased risk of subsequent injury in isolation. The combination of FMS composite score ≤14 and previous injury moderately increased the risk of injury [Hazard ratio (HR)= 2.22 (1.09-4.54)]. None of the physical performance measures improved the ability to predict injuries based on FMS composite score. FMS asymmetry was only associated with injury when combined with previous injury and vertical jump performance. Players with ≥1 FMS asymmetry and history of previous injury experienced a large increase in injury risk when vertical jump was poor [HR= 4.26 (1.35-13.42)] or good [HR= 3.17 (1.08-9.29)]. Players with a combination of a good vertical jump, no previous injury, and no FMS asymmetries were also at moderately increased risk of injury [HR= 3.41 (1.11-10.42)]. No physical performance tests improved the ability to identify non-contact injury risk using an FMS composite score threshold. However, a U-shaped relationship between vertical jump and injury risk was identified with both poor and good vertical jump height associated with a moderate-large increase in non-contact injury risk in the presence of ≥1 asymmetrical FMS sub-test. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.