Batchelorodonnell9122

OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence and survival of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma (VSCC) by etiology over a 27 year period. METHOD Retrospective case-note and pathology slide review of 390 consecutive VSCC, treated at a Centralized Cancer Centre covering half New Zealand's population, 1990-2016. Incidence was calculated in 5-6 year cohorts and correlated with precursor of the VSCC, age and stage. RESULTS Age-standardized incidence of all VSCC did not change significantly, however age standardized incidence of HPV-dependent VSCC increased significantly, from 0.55/100,000 (95% CI 0.38-0.72) in 1991-2000 to 0.83/100,000 (95% CI 0.68-0.97) in 2001-2016, with a significant decrease in the incidence of HPV-independent VSCC, from 0.76/100,000 (95% CI 0.58-0.95) to 0.54/100,000 (95%CI 0.43-0.65). HPV-dependent VSCC in women ≥50 years increased significantly from 0.75/100,000 (95% CI 0.45-1.17) to 1.43/100,000 (95% CI 1.14-1.77), with no significant change seen in younger women. HPV-independent VSCC in women ≥50 years has decreased significantly from 2.53/100,000 (95% CI 1.95-3.23) to 1.62/100,000 (95% CI 1.31-1.98) with no change in younger women. The proportion of HPV-dependent VSCC has increased from 25% to 50%. Age standardized death rate from VSCC has not changed significantly from 0.22/100,000 (95% CI 0.10-0.34) in 2001-5 to 0.27/100,000 (95% CI 0.15-0.40) in 2011-16. Five year survival for HPV-dependent VSCC was 93% and 68% for HPV-independent VSCC (p  less then  .0001). CONCLUSIONS HPV-dependent VSCC incidence has increased significantly and now accounts for half of VSCC, with a significant rise in women over 50. HPV-dependent and independent VSCC have different prognoses and should be registered and investigated separately. BACKGROUND Because of conflicting reports regarding the relationship between pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ovarian cancer, we performed an updated meta-analysis to investigate the association between PID and the risk of this malignancy. METHODS Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched up until November 1, 2019. Hazard ratios (HRs), along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were calculated to analyse outcomes. RESULTS We included 16 studies in this meta-analysis. PID was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.22; I2 = 41%). In subgroup analyses according to ethnicity, study design, tumour invasiveness, and type of ovarian cancer, PID was significantly associated with ovarian cancer in all subgroups. The lowest heterogeneity (I2 = 0% to 38%) was observed for associations between PID and ovarian cancer in Asian patients (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.42), ovarian cancer in case-control studies (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.23), invasive ovarian cancer (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.30), borderline ovarian cancer (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.37), and non-serous ovarian cancer (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.24). CONCLUSIONS This updated meta-analysis demonstrated that PID is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Future large, well-designed studies are necessary to corroborate our findings. The aim of this work was to study sequential batch fermentation of glucose with a biological consortium amended with nine different biochars or with an activated carbon. The glucose fermentation was enhanced by carbon amendment, with activated carbon being more effective than biochars as cell carriers and electron conductors between functional species. The volatile fatty acid distributions were shifted in the consumption of the produced H2 and CO2. Fulvestrant The types of biochars were irrelevant to glucose glycolysis and the subsequent H2 and CO2 consumption reactions. Biofilm growth affects the detailed mechanisms occurred in fermentation broth to the yielded volatile fatty acid distributions. The main aim of this work was to firstly develop a selective oxidation approach for biologically converting 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural into the corresponding furan-based carboxylic acids with recombinant Escherichia coli HMFOMUT. Whole-cells of this recombinant strain harbored good biocatalytic activity in a narrow pH range (pH 6.5-7.0), which had high tolerance toward furfural (up to 50 mM) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (up to 150 mM), well-known potential inhibitors against microorganisms. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid and furoic acid could be obtained at 96.9% and 100% yield from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (150 mM) and furfural (50 mM) at 30 °C and pH 7.0. The improved substrate tolerance of Escherichia coli HMFOMUT is gaining a great interest to synthesize value-added furan-based carboxylic acids, which has potential industrial applications. Sugarcane processing in sugar industry results in generation of vast amounts of wastes, which can be valorized to biofuels and value-added chemicals based on the concept of circular bioeconomy. For successful commercialization, economic and technological bottlenecks must be clearly identified. In this review, the state of the art of various valorization routes are discussed for each waste stream. Subsequently, studies quantifying the environmental impacts and performing techno-economic assessment are reviewed. The scope and bottlenecks involved in the commercialization of these routes are identified and discussed. The review shows that electricity production from bagasse has matured as a technology but the production of value-added chemicals is still lagging. Here, downstream separation and purification are the major hurdles needing technological innovation. Moreover, indirect environmental and human health benefits due to waste valorization are not adequately accounted for. Further, strong trade-offs between economic and environmental performance exist, necessitating systematic and region-specific decision-making framework. Oleaginous microalgae and yeast are of increasing interest as a renewable resource for single cell oils (SCOs). These have applications in fuels, feed and food products. In order to become cost competitive with existing terrestrial oils, a biorefinery approach is often taken where several product streams are valorised alongside the SCO. Whilst many life cycle assessment (LCA) and Techno-economic (TEA) studies have employed this biorefinery approach to SCO production, a systematic analysis of their implications is missing. This review evaluates the economic and environmental impacts associated with the use of coproducts. Overall, protein production plays the greatest role in determining viability, with coproduct strategy crucial to considering in the early stages of research and development.