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resection. Association of factors which increases the grading system of bAVM like eloquence, deep venous drainage and increasing sizes did not correlate with the predicted unfavorable outcomes, whereas age of patients was a predictor of overall outcome. Although the small sample size of this study is a limitation, age of patient plays important role on the overall outcome.

The human paracentral lobule (PCL) is the medial continuation of the precentral and postcentral gyri. It has important functional area related to the lower limb and perineum. Its visible surface that corresponds to magnetic resonance imaging scout images varies in morphology, so it requires exact data. Studies related to such data are rare. With such a facile, we studied the morphology and morphometry of PCL.

Fifty formalin-fixed adult human brains dissected in the midsagittal plane were used in this study. First, the morphological types of PCL and its boundary were determined, followed by morphometry of its extrasulcal surface using digital vernier calipers. Measurements were done along the anteroposterior axis (length) and vertical axis (height). In addition to that, the extent of motor and sensory area into PCL was also measured.

Three distinct morphological types of PCL were found continuous (2%), partially segmented (91%), and completely segmented type (7%). In completely segmented type, a short transitional lobulolimbic gyrus was also found in three cases. The mean extrasulcal surface of the left PCL was significantly larger, both in males (left 10.67 cm

vs. right 8.80 cm

) and in females (left 8.80 cm

vs. Ceralasertib research buy right 6.99 cm

). Irrespective of gender and sidedness, motor area was significantly larger than the sensory area.

Reported data will be useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the human PCL. Variations in the distribution of sensorimotor cortex over PCL may help further assessment of hemispheric lateralization and the location of central sulcus as a reliable indicator of cytoarchitectonic borders.

Reported data will be useful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the human PCL. Variations in the distribution of sensorimotor cortex over PCL may help further assessment of hemispheric lateralization and the location of central sulcus as a reliable indicator of cytoarchitectonic borders.

Cancellation/postponement of "

" surgeries during coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a huge backlog of patients waiting for surgery and has put them at risk of disease progression. We share our institute's policy and our department's attempt to resume "

" surgeries.

We collected details of all patients operated under department of neurosurgery since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in India and categorized them into "

" and "

" groups for comparison. COVID-19 tests done in these patients were also analyzed. We also compared our surgical volume with the number of COVID-19 cases in the state.

One hundred and forty-eight patients (97 males, 51 females) with mean age of 37.8 years (range-2 months-82 years) underwent surgery in our department during the study period. The operative volume per week increased by 37% during the "

" period as compared to "

" period. The proportion of elective/"

" surgeries increased from 11.3% during "

" to 34.7% during the "

" period (

= 0.0037)9 testing facilities and provision of ample personal protective equipments are instrumental in re-starting "nonemergent" surgeries.

Small intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are considered to have a low risk of rupture; however, in clinical practice, we often encounter patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to rupture of small IAs.

This study aims to clarify the clinical and morphological characteristics of ruptured small IA, focusing on posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms as a prone site.

We retrospectively reviewed 102 consecutive patients with SAH due to ruptured PCoA aneurysm who underwent microsurgical or endovascular aneurysm repair between April 2013 and March 2018.

All PCoA aneurysms were diagnosed using three-dimensional rotation angiography or three-dimensional computed tomography angiography. Information regarding the following clinical characteristics was collected age, sex, past medical history, current smoking, antithrombotic therapy, multiplicity, hydrocephalus, intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Grade on admission.

We analyzed factors of ruptured small IA, focusing on PCoA aneurysms using univariate and multivariate regression analyses.

Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that low aspect ratio (AR) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33,

= 0.01) and nonfetal type of PCoA (OR = 0.31,

= 0.02) might be independent characteristics of ruptured small PCoA aneurysms. However, age, sex, past medical history, WFNS grade, and treatment outcome were not different between the small and nonsmall PCoA aneurysms. The aneurysm size was not associated to the selection of treatment, proportion of complications, and treatment outcome.

In cases of ruptured PCoA aneurysms, low AR and nonfetal type of PCoA might be associated with rupture of small aneurysms.

In cases of ruptured PCoA aneurysms, low AR and nonfetal type of PCoA might be associated with rupture of small aneurysms.

Multicompartmental intraventricular epidermoids behave differently from multicompartmental extraventricular lesions and localized lesions during its management. Few studies are available which have analyzed risk factors separately in these groups of cases for recurrence of these lesions and time to recur.

In this retrospective observational study, 72 cases of intracranial epidermoid were treated over a span of 7 years. Cases were categorized into three groups. Group 1 comprised 15% (11/72) of cases with intraventricular multicompartmental, Group 2 with 22% (16/72) extraventricular giant tumors with multicompartmental involvement and size >4.5 cm, and Group 3 comprised 63% (45/72) of patients with lesions <4.5 cm and localized. Data pertaining to demography, clinical and radiological features, surgery performed, postoperative complication, histology, and follow-up were obtained from medical records available in the institute.

The average duration to treat was 1.86 ± 0.52 (standard deviation [SD]) years, with headache as a major complaint in all the groups.