Balslevwright3395

These results suggest that PTSD treatment outcomes for cannabis users may be similar to nonusers when use is stopped during treatment. Additional data are needed regarding whether outcomes remain similar at follow-up, whether cannabis users maintain abstinence after treatment, and the impact of resumed cannabis use on PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Cognitive complaints and engagement in cognitive activities are two consistent predictors of cognitive aging outcomes, including risk for nonnormative decline. Though research has considered predictors of complaints and engagement in general, little work has attended to the fact that these fluctuate at the daily level. The current study examined individual difference predictors of means and variability for engagement and complaints across 10 days in a sample of older adults (n = 136; Mage = 70.45 years). When comparing personality traits to indicators of cognitive performance, personality differences appeared better unique predictors for these measures of daily cognitive life. Specifically, even when accounting for demographics, measures of cognitive performance, and the other personality traits investigated, older adults higher on openness to experience reported fewer daily cognitive complaints and more engagement on average, as well as greater daily variability in engagement. In addition, higher neuroticism predicted greater variability in reports of cognitive complaints across days. Implications are discussed with respect to how these findings advance our understanding of cognitive complaints and engagement in daily life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Converging longitudinal research suggests that more negative views on aging predict accelerated cognitive decline. Although conceptually suggested, reciprocal relationships between cognitive functioning and attitudes toward aging have remained less clear empirically. We used the 20-year data from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development (ILSE) to better understand such potential bidirectionality. Drawing on 1,002 baseline participants from 2 age groups, a midlife (Mage = 43.7 at baseline) and an old age group (Mage = 62.5 at baseline), we examined longitudinal trajectories between attitude toward own aging, performance-based cognitive measures, and subjective cognitive complaints. Findings from multigroup latent growth curve modeling replicated previous findings that attitude toward own aging predicts cognitive change over 20 years in old age with 2 important specifications We show that this effect (a) does not apply to midlife and (b) disappears in old age after controlling for depression over time. Further, as expected, cognitive complaints but not cognitive performance were related to change in attitude toward own aging in midlife and old age. Results suggest that differentiating between objective cognitive functioning and subjective cognitive complaints is important when investigating relations between cognitive functioning and attitude toward own aging in different age groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Although a great deal is known about neurobiological mechanisms of initial conditioning and extinction, relatively little is known about mechanisms involved in the return of behavior following extinction. In this article, we examine the effects of temporarily inactivating the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) on initial conditioning and postextinction reconditioning. We investigate effects in unsignaled contextual fear conditioning, in which animals initially receive strong contextual conditioning, followed by three sessions of nonreinforced context exposure (extinction), and then receive a single context-shock reconditioning trial. In 2 experiments with male Long Evans rats, we evaluated the effects of delivery of a muscimol/baclofen cocktail to the BNST prior to initial conditioning or reconditioning. In Experiment 1, we found that a single context-shock pairing results in more freezing following extinction than when it is the initial conditioning trial. This rapid reconditioning effect was impaired by BNST inactivation. In Experiment 2, we found that BNST inactivation also causes a deficit in freezing after strong initial conditioning. These findings suggest that the BNST is involved in both initial conditioning and postextinction reconditioning. We discuss implications of these findings for current thinking about BNST function in learning and memory processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Cognitive functions, such as working memory, are disrupted in most psychiatric disorders. RGD(Arg-Gly-Asp)Peptides Many of these processes are believed to depend on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Traditionally, maze-based behavioral tasks, which have a strong exploratory component, have been used to study the role of the mPFC in working memory in mice. In maze tasks, mice navigate through the environment and require a significant amount of time to complete each trial, thereby limiting the number of trials that can be run per day. Here, we show that an operant-based delayed nonmatch to sample (DNMS) working memory task, with shorter trial lengths and a smaller exploratory component, is also mPFC-dependent. We created excitotoxic lesions in the mPFC of mice and found impairments in both the acquisition of the task, with no delay, and in the performance with delays introduced. Importantly, we saw no differences in trial length, reward collection, or lever-press latencies, indicating that the difference in performance was not due to a change in motivation or mobility. Using this operant DNMS task will facilitate the analysis of working memory and improve our understanding of the physiology and circuit mechanisms underlying this cognitive process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Kim and Opfer (2017) found that number-line estimates increased approximately logarithmically with number when an upper bound (e.g., 100 or 1000) was explicitly marked (bounded condition) and when no upper bound was marked (unbounded condition). Using procedural suggestions from Cohen and Ray (2020), we examined whether this logarithmicity might come from restrictions on the response space provided. Consistent with our previous findings, logarithmicity was evident whether tasks were bounded or unbounded, with the degree of logarithmicity tied to the numerical value of the estimates rather than the response space per se. We also found a clear log-to-linear shift in numerical estimates. Results from Bayesian modeling supported the idea that unbounded tasks are qualitatively similar to bounded ones, but unbounded ones lead to greater logarithmicity. Our findings support the original findings of Kim and Opfer (2017) and extend their generality to more age groups and more varieties of number-line estimation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).