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However, the advantages of using the SKr and Kr1 markers in marker-assisted selection and in the screening of ex situ collections are not sufficiently studied. The published Kr1 sequence for varieties with different crossability offers great prospects, because it will be possible to create allele-specific markers. In this review, the following issues are considered genetic resources created by wheat and rye hybridization, the geographical distribution of easy-to-cross forms of wheat, genetic control of the wheat and rye compatibility, advances of the use of molecular markers in the mapping of Kr-genes and their transmission control.Investigation of the effect of the cytoplasm on the combining ability (CA) of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is of considerable interest in terms of understanding the genetic functions of the cytoplasm and for practical purposes to create hybrids with improved economically valuable traits. In order to investigate the effect of different types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4, 9E) on CA in sorghum, we studied the manifestation of a number of biological and agronomic traits in 54 F1 hybrid combinations obtained using iso-nuclear CMS lines with the nuclear genome of the line Zheltozernoye 10, differing only in the types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4 and 9E). click here Eighteen varieties and lines of grain sorghum developed at the Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize were used as paternal parents. The CA was determined by the topcross method. F1 hybrids and their parents were grown in 2015-2017 in conditions of insufficient (2015-2016 HTC (hydro-thermal coefficient) = 0.32-0.66)le cytoplasm of sorghum make a different contribution to CA under conditions of drought stress.This is a review of studies on the genetic polymorphism of modern and ancient populations of the north of Asia and America, with the aim of reconstructing the history of migrations of ancient marine hunters in the Okhotsk Sea region. The data on mitochondrial DNA polymorphism and the "Arctic" mutation distribution - the rs80356779-A variant of the CPT1A gene - were analyzed. It is known that the "Arctic" variant of the CPT1A gene is widely distributed in modern populations of the Eskimos, Chukchis, Koryaks, and other peoples of the Okhotsk Sea region, whose economic structure is associated with marine hunting. According to paleogenomic data, the earliest cases of the "Arctic" variant of the CPT1A gene were found in the Greenland and Canadian Paleoeskimos (4 thousand years ago), among representatives of the Tokarev culture of the Northern Priokhotye (3 thousand years ago), and among the bearers of the culture of the late Jomon of Hokkaido (3.5-3.8 thousand years ago). The results of the analysis revealed severt is not yet known whether this migration is associated with the spread of the "Arctic" variant of the CPT1A gene or the presence of C1a haplotypes in the population of the Japanese islands marks another, earlier, episode of the migration history linking the populations of Northwest Pacific and North America.There are evidences that obese women exhibit a detrimental oocyte quality. However, it remains unclear how this change is associated with obesity, indirectly - or directly through a change in the content and/or composition of lipids in oocytes. The aim of this work was to study effects of a high-fat diet applied to female donor mice on the amount and qualitative composition of lipids of immature and in vivo matured oocytes. A high-fat diet caused larger body weight in female mice compared with the control ( p less then 0.001; 44.77 ± 1.46 and 35.22 ± 1.57, respectively), and increased the blood levels of cholesterol ( p less then 0.05; 2.06 ± 0.10 and 1.78 ± 0.10, respectively) and triglycerides ( p less then 0.05; 2.13 ± 0.23 and 1.49 ± 0.21, respectively). At the same time, this diet does not affect the level of unsaturation of lipids in immature (0.207 ± 0.004 in the experiment and 0.206 ± 0.002 in the control) and matured oocytes (0.212 ± 0.005 in the experiment and 0.211 ± 0.003 in the control). Total lipid content increased during in vivo maturation of mouse oocytes. The amount of lipids was greater in mature oocytes in the experimental group compared to the control ( p less then 0.01; 8.15 ± 0.37 and 5.83 ± 0.14, respectively). An increase in intracellular lipid amount during oocyte maturation was revealed both after a standard diet ( p less then 0.05; 4.72 ± 0.48 and 5.83 ± 0.14, respectively) and after a fat-rich diet ( p less then 0.001; 3.45 ± 0.62 and 8.15 ± 0.37, respectively). Thus, during in vivo oocyte maturation in mice the content of intracellular lipids enhanced, the high-fat diet aggravated this dynamics of lipid increase during in vivo maturation of oocytes.Cell migration is an important morphogenetic process necessary at different stages of individual development and body functioning. The initiation and maintenance of the cell movement state requires the activation of many factors involved in the regulation of transcription, signal transduction, adhesive interactions, modulation of membranes and the cytoskeleton. However, cell movement depends on the status of both migrating and surrounding cells, interacting with each other during movement. The surrounding cells or cell matrix not only form a substrate for movement, but can also participate in the spatio-temporal regulation of the migration. At present, there is no exact understanding of the genetic mechanisms of this regulation. To determine the role of the cell environment in the regulation of individual cell migration, we studied the migration of primordial germline cells (PGC) during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Normally, PGC are formed at the 3rd stage of embryogenesis at the posterior negatively regulates PGC migration during early Drosophila embryogenesis.Application of microdissected DNA libraries and DNA probes in numerous and various modern molecular cytogenetic studies showed them as an efficient and reliable tool in the analysis of chromosome reorganization during karyotypic evolution and in the diagnosis of human chromosome pathology. An important advantage of DNA probe generation by metaphase chromosome microdissection followed by sequence-independent polymerase chain reaction in comparison with the method of DNA probe generation using chromosome sorting is the possibility of DNA probe preparation from chromosomes of an individual sample without cell line establishment for the production of a large number of metaphase chromosomes. One of the main requirements for successful application of this technique is a possibility for identification of the chromosome of interest during its dissection and collection of its material from metaphase plates spread on the coverslip. In the present study, we developed and applied a technique for generation of microdissec among the worms of laboratory cultures of M. mirumnovem.It has long been known that defects in the structure of the mitochondrial genome can cause various neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, at present there is no effective method for treating mitochondrial diseases. The major problem with the treatment of such diseases is associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy. It means that due to a high copy number of the mitochondrial genome, mutant copies of mtDNA coexist with wild-type molecules in the same organelle. The clinical symptoms of mitochondrial diseases and the degree of their manifestation directly depend on the number of mutant mtDNA molecules in the cell. The possible way to reduce adverse effects of the mutation is by shifting the level of heteroplasmy towards the wild-type mtDNA molecules. Using this idea, several gene therapeutic approaches based on TALE and ZF nucleases have been developed for this purpose. However, the construction of protein domains of such systems is rather long and laborious process. Meanwhile, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is fundamentally different from protein systems in that it is easy to use, highly efficiency and has a different mechanism of action. All the characteristics and capabilities of the CRISPR/Cas9 system make it a promising tool in mitochondrial genetic engineering. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time that the modification of gRNA by integration of specific mitochondrial import determinants in the gRNA scaffold does not affect the activity of the gRNA/Cas9 complex in vitro.Grain with high contents of yellow pigments will add the natural bright-yellow colour to the paste, which unlike a paste with a high level of whiteness, are preferred by consumers. The provitamin activity (vitamin A) and antioxidant activity of the carotenoid pigment increase the biological and nutritional value of the grain with high contents of these pigments. The purpose of this review is to summarize modern knowledge about the biosynthesis and genetic control of pigment accumulation in durum wheat and to assess the main results of research and selection over the past 20 years abroad and in Russia. The trait "concentration carotenoid pigment in grain" (Ypc) is quantitative. However, the prevalence of strong additive gene effects and high heritability have contributed to significant progress in breeding for this trait. Molecular labeling of quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control the synthesis of the carotenoid pigment and the yellowness index (YI) found that they are distributed across all chromosomes of the durum wheat genome. The main QTLs, which determine 60 % of the variation of the trait, were mapped to 7AL and 7BL chromosome. The contribution of these QTLs is associated with allelic variations that control the activity of phytoene synthase (PSY). QTLs with minor effects found on the remaining chromosomes are also reliably mapped using molecular markers. As confirmed in a number of experiments, most of them are QTLs located on 3AS (linked to the LCYE (lycopene ε-cyclase) allele and on 4BS (the LpxB1.1c gene). It has been shown that the LpxB1.1c allele contributes to a decrease in the activity of lipoxygenase, which oxidases carotenoids during the production of end products. This review considered and discusses the problems of molecular markers in breeding programs to increase the concentration of pigments in the grain and improve the color characteristics of the paste.This overview substantiates the possibility and expediency of blackberry breeding in Central Russia, where it is in demand, but not widespread in horticulture. Significant achievements of world breeding, which gave modern cultivars a large set of economically important qualities and growing interest in it all over the world, including Russian gardeners, make it relevant to work with blackberries as an object of selection, and as a promising garden plant. However, insufficient frost and winter hardiness of the bulk of the cultivars of this culture cause certain difficulties when growing it in the areas with cold winters to which the Central zone of Russia belongs. The expansion of the market of berry products also imposes increasingly high requirements on the complex of economic indicators of new cultivars, primarily the quality of blackberry fruit. In this regard, improving the existing range of varieties of the culture, increasing its adaptive properties and commodity qualities of berries are urgent tasks for breeders when creating new cultivars.