Appelrohde9886

Modern techniques of radiotherapy such as fractioned radiotherapy require applications of low doses of ionizing radiation (up to 10 Gy) for effective patient treatment. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the response mechanisms in cancer cells irradiated with low (clinical) doses. The cell's response to irradiation depends on a dose and post-irradiation time. Both factors should be considered when studying the influence of ionizing radiation on cancer cells. Thus, in the present study, PC-3 prostate cancer cells were irradiated with clinical doses of X-rays to determine dose- and time-dependent response to the irradiation. Raman spectroscopy and biological methods (MTT and comet assays) were applied for the analysis of biochemical changes in the cells induced by low doses of X-ray irradiation at 0 h and 24 h post-irradiation timepoints. Due to a limited view of the biochemical changes at the subcellular level given by single spectrum Raman measurements, Raman mapping of the whole cell area was performed. The results were compared with those obtained for cell irradiation with high doses. The analysis was based on the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) method for the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions separately. Additionally, for the first time, irradiation classification was performed to confirm Raman spectroscopy as a powerful tool for studies on cancer cells treated with clinical doses of ionizing radiation.

The beta-blocker propranolol is the standard medical therapy for subglottic hemangioma (SGH), but side effects and incomplete response rates require close monitoring. Nadolol has been identified as a potential alternative but its use has not been examined for SGH.

Single institution retrospective cohort study of pediatric SGH treated with propranolol or nadolol.

Thirteen children (1 male, 12 female) with SGH were included 6 were treated with propranolol (2.0-3.5mg/kg/d) and 7 with nadolol (2.0-4.0mg/kg/d). The most common presenting symptom was stridor (85%) and mean (SD) symptom duration prior to diagnosis was 4.6 (3.8) weeks. Cutaneous vascular lesions were present in 54%. There were 7 right-sided, 5 left-sided and 1 bilateral SGH. The mean (SD) percentage of airway obstruction was 60.6% (27.4). The response rate was 100% (6/6) for propranolol and 85.7% (6/7) for nadolol (p=0.36). Mean (SD) time to symptomatic improvement was 2.6 (2.2) days with no difference across groups (p=0.71). There was no hypotension, hypoglycemia, weight loss, or sleep disturbances in either group. One patient in the propranolol group experienced vomiting. Two patients in the nadolol group required dosage reduction due to asymptomatic bradycardia. BMS-777607 solubility dmso The mean (SD) duration of admission was 14.4 (12.6) days and duration of treatment was 13.8 (11.2) days with no difference across groups (p=0.23; p=0.31, respectively). All patients had treatment initiated as inpatients and completed as outpatients.

Children with SGH treated with propranolol or nadolol had similar response rates and side effect profiles.

Children with SGH treated with propranolol or nadolol had similar response rates and side effect profiles.

Patients undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy traditionally receive anesthesia with endotracheal intubation (ETT) for airway management. The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) may be used instead and may be associated with less airway stimulation and shorter operating room times. The purpose of this study was to report on a large cohort of patients undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy while using the LMA for airway maintenance during anesthesia.

Patients undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy between January 6, 2017 and January 6, 2020 with a LMA were reviewed for safety outcomes. We compared two cohorts of patients with LMA and ETT to analyze the effect on operating room times.

Our study identified 1042 patients who met criteria for review. The incidence of cases requiring conversion to ETT (1.2%) and laryngospasm (0.3%) in our cohort is lower than previously suggested by the literature. The patients who underwent surgery with the LMA spent less time in the operating room (p=0.004) compared to the ETT group.

The use of the LMA may be a safe and effective option for airway management during tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. There may be a benefit of OR time reduction in patients undergoing anesthesia with an LMA compared to ETT.

The use of the LMA may be a safe and effective option for airway management during tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. There may be a benefit of OR time reduction in patients undergoing anesthesia with an LMA compared to ETT.According to the dual model, outgroup members can be dehumanized by being thought to possess uniquely and characteristically human traits to a lesser extent than ingroup members. However, previous research on this topic has tended to investigate the attribution of human traits that are socially desirable in nature such as warmth, civility and rationality. As a result, it has not yet been possible to determine whether this form of dehumanization is distinct from intergroup preference and stereotyping. We first establish that participants associate undesirable (e.g., corrupt, jealous) as well as desirable (e.g., open-minded, generous) traits with humans. We then go on to show that participants tend to attribute desirable human traits more strongly to ingroup members but undesirable human traits more strongly to outgroup members. This pattern holds across three different intergroup contexts for which dehumanization effects have previously been reported political opponents, immigrants and criminals. Taken together, these studies cast doubt on the claim that a trait-based account of representing others as 'less human' holds value in the study of intergroup bias.Partial awareness-an intermediate state between complete consciousness and unconsciousness-has been explained by independent cognitive access to different levels of representation in hierarchical visual processing. This account, however, cannot explain graded visual experiences in low levels. We aimed to explain partial awareness in low levels of visual processing by independent cognitive access to different spatial frequencies. To observe partial awareness stably, we used a novel method. Stimuli were presented briefly (12 ms) and repeatedly with a specific inter-stimulus interval, ranging from 0 to 235 ms. By using various stimuli containing high and low spatial frequencies (superimposed sinusoidal gratings, Navon letters, and scenes), we found that conscious percept was degraded with increasing inter-stimulus intervals. However, the degree of degradation was smaller for low spatial frequency than for high spatial frequency information. Our results reveal that cognitive access to different spatial frequencies can occur independently and this can explain partial awareness in low levels of visual processing.The feeling of owning one's body underlies human self-awareness. Body-ownership illusions allow temporarily modulating body ownership, which has observable effects on the behavior and cognitive processes. However, the extent of those effects is unclear. Here, we investigated whether illusory ownership of a virtual body extended to ownership of the value/meaning of its actions. A variation of detection-of-deception procedure (Concealed Information Test) was performed by an embodied virtual avatar (first-person perspective, 1PP), or a non-embodied one (third-person perspective, 3PP), while the skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded from passively observing participants. Target stimuli (i.e., concealed information) evoked significantly larger SCRs than the neutral ones only when the avatar was embodied (in 1PP). Such pattern of SCR differences corresponds to that observed when participants perform the task themselves, thus suggesting that the sole experience of owning a virtual body can trigger physiological responses related to the subjective significance of the body's actions.The way humans attend to their visual field differs profoundly between individuals. Previous research suggests that people tend to have either an analytic style, with a higher focus on the salient object of a scene, or a holistic style, characterized by higher attention to a scene's contextual information. Although a general assumption in many studies has been that these attention styles are socialized in social interaction during childhood, not much work has focused on the proximal mechanisms underlying this development. This study focuses on language as a potential cultural tool to habitualize ways of perceiving the world and investigates whether the visual attention of 4- to 9-year-old children can be experimentally manipulated via verbal primes that accentuate either analytic or holistic processing. Results indicate that verbal priming is effective in guiding children's gaze behavior in an eye-tracking task and their verbal accounts in a picture description task, but it only influences the way visual scenes are remembered in a forced-choice recognition task after own verbal productions. In concert with previous cross-cultural and correlational studies, these findings provide convergent evidence for the assumption that verbal attention guidance plays an important role in the socialization of attention styles.Although non-human primates (NHPs) generally appear to predict how knowledgeable agents use knowledge to guide their behavior, the cognitive mechanisms that enable this remain poorly understood. We assessed the conditions under which NHPs' representations of an agent's awareness break down. Free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) watched as an agent observed a target object being hidden in one of two boxes. While the agent could no longer see the boxes, the box containing the object flipped open and the object either changed in size/shape (Experiment 1) or color (Experiment 2). Monkeys looked longer when the agent searched for the object incorrectly rather than correctly following the color change (a non-geometric manipulation), but not the size/shape change (a geometric manipulation). Even though the agent maintained knowledge of the object's location in both cases, monkeys no longer expected the agent to search correctly after it had been geometrically (but not non-geometrically) manipulated. Experiment 3 confirmed that monkeys were sensitive to the color manipulation used in Experiment 2, making it unlikely that a failure to perceive the color manipulation accounted for our findings. Our results show that NHPs do not always expect that knowledgeable agents will act on their knowledge to obtain their goals, consistent with heuristic-based accounts of how NHPs represent others' mental states. These findings also suggest that geometric changes that occur outside the agent's perceptual access may disrupt attribution of awareness more so than non-geometric changes.Homophily structures human social networks people tend to seek out or be attracted to those who share their preferences or values, and to generally expect social connections between similar people. Here, we probe the nature and extent of infants' homophilic thinking by asking whether infants can use information about other people's shared preferences in the absence of other socially relevant behaviors (e.g., their proximity or joint attention) to infer their affiliation. To do so, we present infants with scenarios in which two people either share a preference or have opposing preferences while varying (across studies) the degree to which those people engage in other socially relevant behaviors. We show that by 14 months of age, infants demonstrate clear inferences of homophily they expect two people with a shared preference to be more likely to affiliate than two people without such similarity, even in the absence of other social behaviors that signal friendship. Although such cognition begins to emerge by 6-months, younger infants' inferences are bolstered by social behaviors that signal friendship.