Allenlacroix9523

In contrast, in mycorrhizal plants, proteins related to energy metabolism (ATP synthase-24kDa, ATP synthase β), carbon metabolism (malate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, sucrose-phosphatase), oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial-processing peptidase) and sulfur metabolism (thiosulfate/3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase) were found. Our results provide a set of proteins of different metabolic pathways involved in water deficit produced by sorghum plants alone or associated with a consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the tropical rain forest Los Tuxtlas Veracruz, México. ©2020 Olalde-Portugal et al.Restoration of subtropical thicket in South Africa using the plant Portulacaria afra (an ecosystem engineer) has been hampered, in part, by selecting sites that are frost prone-this species is intolerant of frost. Identifying parts of the landscape that are exposed to frost is often challenging. Our aim is to calibrate an existing cold-air pooling (CAP) model to predict where frost is likely to occur in the valleys along the sub-escarpment lowlands (of South Africa) where thicket is dominant. We calibrated this model using two valleys that have been monitored during frost events. To test the calibrated CAP model, model predictions of frost-occurrence for six additional valleys were assessed using a qualitative visual comparison of existing treelines in six valleys-we observe a strong visual match between the predicted frost and frost-free zones with the subtropical thicket (frost-intolerant) and Nama-Karoo shrubland (frost-tolerant) treelines. In addition, we tested the model output using previously established transplant experiments; ∼300 plots planted with P. afra (known as the Thicket-Wide Plots) were established across the landscape-without consideration of frost-to assess the potential factors influencing the survival and growth of P. afra. Here we use a filtered subset of these plots (n = 70), and find that net primary production of P. afra was significantly lower in plots that the model predicted to be within the frost zone. We suggest using this calibrated CAP model as part of the site selection process when restoring subtropical thicket in sites that lie within valleys-avoiding frost zones will greatly increase the likelihood of restoration success. © 2020 Duker et al.Most of the microorganisms responsible for vector-borne diseases (VBD) have hematophagous arthropods as vector/reservoir. Recently, many new species of microorganisms phylogenetically related to agents of VBD were found in a variety of aquatic eukaryotic hosts; in particular, numerous new bacterial species related to the genus Rickettsia (Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales) were discovered in protist ciliates and other unicellular eukaryotes. Although their pathogenicity for humans and terrestrial animals is not known, several indirect indications exist that these bacteria might act as etiological agents of possible VBD of aquatic organisms, with protists as vectors. In the present study, a novel strain of the Rickettsia-Like Organism (RLO) endosymbiont "Candidatus (Ca.) Trichorickettsia mobilis" was identified in the macronucleus of the ciliate Paramecium multimicronucleatum. We performed transfection experiments of this RLO to planarians (Dugesia japonica) per os. Indeed, the latter is a widely used model system for studying bacteria pathogenic to humans and other Metazoa. In transfection experiments, homogenized paramecia were added to food of antibiotic-treated planarians. Treated and non-treated (i.e. control) planarians were investigated at day 1, 3, and 7 after feeding for endosymbiont presence by means of PCR and ultrastructural analyses. RP-3500 manufacturer Obtained results were fully concordant and suggest that this RLO endosymbiont can be transiently transferred from ciliates to metazoans, being detected up to day 7 in treated planarians' enterocytes. Our findings might offer insights into the potential role of ciliates or other protists as putative vectors for diseases caused by Rickettsiales or other RLOs and occurring in fish farms or in the wild. ©2020 Modeo et al.Background We investigated the role of decellularized cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis to seek a new treatment for this disease. Methods Knee cartilage from rabbits was decellularized and the degree of decellularization was assessed. A grinder was used to turn acellular cartilage into particles, which were then used in a suspension. Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to an operation on their anterior cruciate ligament for the osteoarthritis model. The success of the animal model of osteoarthritis was evaluated using results from six rabbits. The remaining 24 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (groups A, B, C, and D). Rabbits in groups A, B, C, and D were injected with 200 µl of normal saline, 200 µl of 10% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension, 200 µl of 20% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension, and 200 µl of 40% (w/v) cartilage decellularized suspension into the knee joints, respectively. Macroscopic and microscopic assessments were performed three months after surgery to assess the degree of osteoarthritic changes. Results Histological and biochemical analysis revealed that the cartilage decellularized matrix removed cells after decellularization but retained components of collagen and glycosaminoglycan. Group A exhibited the most significant changes from osteophyte and cartilage erosion, which was macroscopically observable on the surface of the femoral cartilage. HE staining in group A revealed damage to the cartilage surface, disorganized chondrocytes, and spontaneous fibrocartilage formation. Safranin O-fast green staining revealed a cavity formed at the osteochondral junction in group A that did not appear in other groups. Conclusion Our study shows that decellularized cartilage matrix has a certain therapeutic effect on osteoarthritis and provides new insights in the treatment of osteoarthritis. ©2020 Zhang et al.Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) succeeds only in a small fraction of cells within the population. Reprogramming occurs in distinctive stages, each facing its own bottlenecks. It initiates with overexpression of transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC (OSKM) in somatic cells such as mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). OSKM bind chromatin, silencing the somatic identity and starting the stepwise reactivation of the pluripotency programme. However, inefficient suppression of the somatic lineage leads to unwanted epigenetic memory from the tissue of origin, even in successfully generated iPSCs. Thus, it is essential to shed more light on chromatin regulators and processes involved in dissolving the somatic identity. Recent work characterised the role of transcriptional corepressors NCOR1 and NCOR2 (also known as NCoR and SMRT), showing that they cooperate with c-MYC to silence pluripotency genes during late reprogramming stages. NCOR1/NCOR2 were also proposed to be involved in silencing fibroblast identity, however it is unclear how this happens.