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This article provides an overview of the evaluation and management of occupational contact dermatitis, including how to evaluate a patient with suspected occupational contact dermatitis. Patch testing, how to perform a site visit, and how to properly manage using preventative measures, prescribed therapies, and patient education are discussed.Pediatric allergic contact dermatitis (Ped-ACD) is an increasingly recognized highly prevalent skin disease that has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. Pixantrone concentration Accurate and appropriate patch testing is vital to diagnosing Ped-ACD. This requires knowledge of the most common allergens in the pediatric population, consideration of concurrent diseases that can complicate the clinical picture, and potential modification of techniques to lessen exposure to irritants and sensitizers while obtaining true positive results. This article reviews the most common pediatric allergens and discusses considerations when performing pediatric patch testing.Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed type IV hypersensitivity skin reaction to external stimuli. Patterns of dermatitis depend on allergen exposure and patch testing is the gold standard to identify causal agents. The American Contact Dermatitis Society identifies an "Allergen of the Year" in order to highlight facts about particular allergens, which may range from showing increasing prevalence of disease, to documenting low levels of relevant allergic reactions. This article reviews the allergens of the year from 2000 to 2020 with an emphasis on clinical relevance. Categories of allergens include adhesives, dyes, medications, metals, preservatives, rubber accelerators, surfactants, and other skin care product ingredients.The duration of cutaneous inflammation preceding sensitization influences the resulting allergic response; the innate immune system instructs the adaptive immune response. Potent allergens that function as their own irritant cause classic T helper cell type 1 skewed dermatitis. Examples include poison ivy, epoxy resin, and methylchloroisothiazolinone. Less potent allergens, such as food proteins and propylene glycol, sensitize skin affected by chronic dermatitis resulting in a T helper cell type 2 skewed response, sometimes with associated systemic contact dermatitis. Systemic contact dermatitis should therefore be suspected in patients with positive patch tests to ingested allergens in the setting of chronic dermatitis.Patch testing is the gold-standard diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis; unfortunately, it is a procedure with potential for errors, including false-negative reactions. Some of the factors responsible for this are likely unavoidable; however, others may potentially lie within the control of the user. Knowledge and management of these controllable factors may improve the outcome of patch testing and minimize the incidence of false-negative patch test results.Background/purpose Morbidity and mortality in the giant omphalocele population is complicated by large abdominal wall defects, physiologic aberrancies, and congenital anomalies. We hypothesized different anomalies and treatment types would affect outcomes. Methods A 2009-2018 retrospective chart review of giant omphaloceles was performed. Exclusions included cloacal exstrophy, transfer after 3 weeks, surgery prior to transfer, conjoined twins, or not yet achieving fascial closure. Thirty-five patients met criteria and mortality and operative morbidity categorized them into favorable (n = 20) or unfavorable (n = 15) outcomes. Odds ratios analyzed potential predictors. Survivors were stratified into staged (n = 11), delayed (n = 8), and primary closure (n = 6) for subgroup analysis. Results Unfavorable outcomes were associated with other major congenital anomalies, sac rupture, and major cardiac anomalies, but had significantly lower odds with increasing gestational age (p = 0.03) and birth weight (p less thenevel of evidence Level III.The need to emphasize the network concept arises from the fact that the traditional surgical philosophy in American epilepsy centers has prioritized an electrical-anatomic, focus-oriented approach. In contrast, the stereoelectroencephalography philosophy focuses on using electrophysiology to determine the regions of cortex generating the clinical manifestation of the seizure. Viewing epilepsy surgery as network surgery enables optimal consideration of decisions related to the need for and method of intracranial monitoring, potential role of subcortical structures in seizure organization and propagation, upfront use of combinatorial therapies to prevent seizure emergence from the network, and use of neuromodulation in novel epilepsy indications.Neuromodulation, including first-generation open-loop devices and second-generation closed-loop devices, is a valuable but poorly understood therapeutic option for patients with drug-refractory epilepsy. The precise therapy a patient receives is contingent on the relationship between the patient's own unique neurophysiology and the custom programming of detection and stimulation parameters. Recent evidence demonstrates that therapeutic efficacy can be achieved through neuromodulation of seizure networks, rather than simple disruption of seizure evolution. Nevertheless, the improvement in outcomes achieved combined with its minimally invasive, nondestructive nature make closed-loop stimulation a promising therapy for additional indications, such as generalized and pediatric epilepsy.During the presurgical evaluation of patients with focal refractory epilepsies, the spatial mapping of the seizure onset zone (SOZ) and seizure propagation networks critically depends on the use of different features extracted from the intracranial electroencephalogram (IEEG). The identification of the SOZ is usually based on visual inspection by highly qualified neurophysiologists. However, quantitative IEEG analyses have recently been developed by exploiting signal and image characteristics in order to improve and expedite the SOZ detection. Here, the authors briefly review some of the latest methods proposed by different research groups and then present the recent implementation in Brainstorm software.