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Distance-learning should be an essential part of training and in-service support for non-physician anesthetists. Global advocates of safe, effective anesthesia services need to support the development and delivery of distance-learning courses.

There is a need for enhanced adoption of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices in both healthcare settings and the entire community, more so during pandemics. The exponential increase in the use of social media (SM) has made it a powerful tool for creating awareness, education, training and community engagement on IPC. Here, we review how social media can be used effectively to implement strategies to combat public health issues especially vis-à-vis infection prevention and control.

According to the World Health Organization, 10% of patients get an infection whilst receiving care in healthcare institutions. Effective infection prevention and control measures can reduce healthcare-associated infections by at least 30%. Education and awareness play a vital role in implementation of infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies. Various studies show how social media has been used successfully in education and training activities, for awareness campaigns, community engagement, risk communications during outbreaks, disease surveillance and pharmacovigilance.

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is the need of the hour to mitigate transmission of disease in healthcare settings as well as in the community. SM is the fastest and most efficient way of communicating with the general population as well as health professionals. SM can help people take the right decisions and enable change in their behaviour patterns to introduce infection control practices.

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is the need of the hour to mitigate transmission of disease in healthcare settings as well as in the community. SM is the fastest and most efficient way of communicating with the general population as well as health professionals. SM can help people take the right decisions and enable change in their behaviour patterns to introduce infection control practices.The outbreak of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship provides an unprecedented opportunity to estimate its original transmissibility with basic reproductive number (R0) and the effectiveness of containment measures. We developed an ordinary differential equation-based Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovery (SEIR) model with Bayesian underpinning to estimate the main parameter of R0 determined by transmission coefficients, incubation period, and the recovery rate. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation method was used to tackle the parameters of uncertainty resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19 given a small cohort of the cruise ship. The extended stratified SEIR model was also proposed to elucidate the heterogeneity of transmission route by the level of deck with passengers and crews. With the application of the overall model, R0 was estimated as high as 5.70 (95% credible interval 4.23-7.79). The entire epidemic period without containment measurements was approximately 47 days and reached the peak one month later after the index case. The partial containment measure reduced 63% (95% credible interval 60-66%) infected passengers. With the deck-specific SEIR model, the heterogeneity of R0 estimates by each deck was noted. The estimated R0 figures were 5.18 for passengers (5-14 deck), mainly from the within-deck transmission, and 2.46 for crews (2-4 deck), mainly from the between-deck transmission. Modelling the dynamic of COVID-19 on the cruise ship not only provides an insight into timely evacuation and early isolation and quarantine but also elucidates the relative contributions of different transmission modes on the cruise ship though the deck-stratified SEIR model.

The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s00477-020-01968-w).

The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s00477-020-01968-w).In this paper, an efficient beamforming technique at the aggregator node in the patient wireless body area network (WBAN) is proposed to improve the communication performance with the gateway node using C-shaped switched-beam antenna arrays. This proposed technique provides high gain beams towards the gateway node which may be located indoor or outdoor based on the medical quarantine or isolation topology and help medical staff monitor patients with less contact and infection probability. Also, a semi-blind switched-beam algorithm is developed to both reduce the processing time required for beam selection and reduce the power loss due to the off-mainlobe orientation of the selected beam with the signal direction. DASA-58 order The proposed technique is analyzed at different wearing scenarios and simulation results show that the received power levels are improved with as less as 0.3 dBm standard deviation which helps in extending the communication range between the WBAN aggregator and gateway nodes in the health monitoring system and also extend the battery lifetime at the patient WBAN.We herein report an unprecedented strategy for the asymmetric α-chlorination of β-keto esters with hypervalent iodine-based Cl-transfer reagents using simple Cinchona alkaloid catalysts. Our investigations support an α-chlorination mechanism where the Cinchona species serves as a nucleophilic catalyst by reacting with the chlorinating agent to generate a chiral electrophilic Cl-transfer reagent in situ. Using at least 20 mol-% of the alkaloid catalyst allows for good yields and enantioselectivities for a variety of different β-keto esters under operationally simple conditions.The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.